Novel Hypocholesterolemic Compounds

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to novel hypocholesterolemic compounds of formula (I) useful in the treatment and prevention of atherosclerosis and for the reduction of cholesterol levels as well as to pharmaceutical compositions comprising said compounds alone or in combination with other active agents.

The present invention relates to novel hypocholesterolemic compounds useful in the treatment and prevention of atherosclerosis and for the reduction of cholesterol levels as well as to pharmaceutical compositions comprising said compounds alone or in combination with other active agents.

Atherosclerotic coronary heart disease represents the major cause for death and cardiovascular morbidity in the western world. Risk factors for atherosclerotic coronary heart disease include hypertension, diabetes mellitus, family history, male gender, cigarette smoke as well as serum cholesterol. Elevated concentrations of serum cholesterol have been demonstrated by a number of clinical studies to be a major contributing factor in the development and progression of atherosclerosis, which is characterized by the formation of cholesterol-containing plaques in the aorta and lesser arteries.

In mammals, ⅓ of the serum cholesterol is derived from exogenous dietary sources which enters the body through absorption in the intestine and ⅔ of the serum cholesterol are derived through endogenous de novo synthesis in the liver involving a complex set of enzyme-catalyzed reactions and regulatory mechanisms.

Recently it has been shown that intestinal cholesterol absorption is an energy-independent, protein-mediated process (Hauser, H. et al, Biochemistry 1998, 37, 17843-17850; Schulthess, G. et al, Biochemistry 2000, 39, 12623-12631; Werder, M. et al, Biochemistry 2001, 40, 11643-11650) rather than a passive diffusion process. The proteins facilitating intestinal cholesterol absorption were identified as two brush border membrane-resident scavenger receptors (Hauser, H. et al, Biochemistry 1998, 37, 17843-17850; Werder, M. et al, Biochemistry 2001, 40, 11643-11650). Both in vitro and in vivo animal experiments confirmed the presence of these two scavenger receptors in the intestinal BBM and proved that they are responsible for the protein-mediated cholesterol uptake.

Various 2-azetidinone compounds have been reported as being useful in lowering cholesterol and/or in inhibiting the formation of cholesterol-containing lesions in mammalian arterial walls: For example WO 93/02048, WO 94/17038, WO 95/08532, PCT/US95/03196, U.S. Pat. No. 5,633,246 describe 2-azetidinone compounds with different substituents at the 3-position, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,756,470 discloses 2-azetidinones having varying substituents at the 4 position. Other azetidinone derivatives include for example elastase inhibitory substituted azetidinones disclosed in European Patent 199,630B1 and European Patent Application 337,549A1. The most prominent representative of these 2-azetidinones, Ezetimibe (also known under trade names Zetia™ and Ezetrol®), has been in use as a cholesterol-lowering drug in monotherapy and in dual therapy combined with a statin. It is the first representative of the new class of cholesterol-lowering drugs that inhibit intestinal cholesterol absorption by targeting the two scavenger receptors in the intestinal brush border membrane described above.

However, it has been shown that the 2-azetidinones upon administration are readily absorbed and extensively metabolized into the pharmalogically active glucuronide of which over 95% remained in the intestinal wall upon direct administration as the glucuronide (van Heek, M. et al. Br. J. Pharmacol. 2000, 129, 1748-1754). In addition side effects such as allergic reactions including rash and angiodema have been reported.

Applicants have now discovered that the compounds of the present invention with the structural characteristics as depicted in formula I and in particular formulas II and III are able to inhibit the protein-mediated process mentioned above by which cholesterol absorption is mediated, while overcoming the above described disadvantages of compounds known in the art. Thus the compounds of the present invention are particularly useful in the treatment and prevention of atherosclerosis and for the reduction of cholesterol levels.

In a first aspect, the present invention thus relates to novel hypocholesterolemic compounds of formula I, and in particular to compounds of formulas II and III having a four- or five-membered ring, respectively.

In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to a compound of formula I, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof,

wherein

-   P represents —N< or —C═, -   X represents independently of each other —CH₂—, CR₁     (sp₂-hybridised), O, —NH—, ═N—, —CO— or —CS—, wherein R₁ represents     H or NR₂, wherein R₂ represents H or lower alkyl, which optionally     is linked to Z such that a bicyclic structure is formed; -   n represents 1 or 2, -   R_(a) represents H, lower alkyl, —OR₃, —O(CO)R₃, —O(CO)OR₃,     —O(CO)NR₃R₄, —NR₃R₄, —NR₃(CO)R₄, —COOR₃, —CONR₃R₄, —CH═CHCOOR₃,     —CF₃, —CN, —NO₂, SO₃H, PO₃H or halogen, wherein R₃ and R₄ represent     H or lower alkyl, -   R_(b) represents H, OH, —OSO₂Me, —OSO₂W wherein W represents     optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl, —OCO(CHOH)₂COOR₅ wherein     R₅ represents H or lower alkyl; or represents the formula -Sp₃-R₆,     -   wherein Sp₃ represents a covalent bond, —O—, —OCH₂—, —OSO₂CH₂—,         —OSO₂—, —OSO₂-(p)C₆H₄O— and R₆ represents one of carbohydrate         structures A-D:     -   wherein     -   R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃ and R₁₄ represent independently of         each other H, lower alkyl, aryl(lower alkyl), —CO-lower alkyl,         —CO-aryl, —SO₃ ⁻ or —PO₃ ⁻,     -   R₁₀ represents —CH₂OR₁₆ or —COOR₁₇, and     -   R₁₅ represents —CH₂OR₁₆, —COOR₁₇, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂OPO₃ ⁻ or         —CH₂OSO₃ ⁻, wherein R₁₆ and R₁₇ independently of each other         represent H, lower alkyl, aryl(lower alkyl), —CO-lower alkyl,         —CO-aryl, —SO₃ ⁻ or —PO₃ ⁻, -   Z represents optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl, -   Sp₁ represents a spacer unit, such as a straight-chain or branched     lower alkyl group —(CH₂)_(p)—, wherein p is from 2-6, which is     unsubstituted, mono or poly-substituted by —OH, —OR₁₈, halogen or     cyano group, wherein one or more —CH₂— groups may independently be     replaced by —O—, —CO—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —NR₁₉—, —NR₁₉—CO—, —CO—NR₁₉—,     —CH═CH—, —C≡C— and wherein R₁₈ and R₁₉ represent a hydrogen atom or     lower alkyl; -   Sp₂ represents an optional spacer unit, such as a covalent bond or a     straight-chain or branched lower alkyl group —(CH₂)_(q)—, wherein q     is from 1-6, which is unsubstituted, mono or poly-substituted by     —OH, —OR₂₀, halogen or cyano group, wherein one or more —CH₂— groups     may independently be replaced by —O—, —CO—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —NR₂₁—,     —NR₂₁—CO—, —CO—NR₂₁—, —CH═CH—, —C≡C— and wherein R₂₀ and R₂₁     represents a hydrogen atom or lower alkyl; -   Y represents optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl,     with the proviso, that if P=—N<, n=1, X=—CO— and Sp₂ represents a     covalent bond, R₆ may not represent carbohydrate structures A or D     for Sp₃=—O— and R₆ may not represent carbohydrate B for Sp₃=—OCH₂—.

Preferably, if P=—N<, n=1, X=—CO— and Sp₂ represents a covalent bond, R_(b) may not represent H or OH and Sp₃ may not represent a covalent bond, —O— or —OCH₂—.

In a preferred embodiment, the present invention is directed towards compounds of formula I wherein P=—N<, n=1 and X=—CO—, —CS—, —CH₂— or —NH—.

Thus, the present invention is preferably directed towards compounds of formula IIa-d

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein the groups R_(a), R_(b), Sp₁, Sp₂, Y and Z are as defined above.

In another preferred embodiment, the present invention is directed towards compounds of formula I wherein for P=—N<, —(X)_(n)— represents —OOC—, —COO—, —CONH—, —CH═N—, and for P=—C═, —(X)_(n)— represents —NH—N═ or —O—N═.

Thus, the present invention is directed towards compounds of formula IIIa-f:

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein the groups R_(a), R_(b), Sp₁, Sp₂, Y and Z are as defined above.

In a further preferred embodiment, the present invention is directed towards compounds of formula I with P=—N< where —(X)_(n)— represents —CH—C═NR— or —CH—NH—CR— or wherein ring Z is coupled to —(X)_(n)— to form bicyclic compounds.

Thus, the present invention is further directed towards compounds of formula IIIg-h:

R_(a) preferably represents H, lower alkyl, —OR₃, —NR₃R₄, —COOR₃, —CONR₃R₄, —CH═CHCOOR₃, —CF₃, —CN, —NO₂, SO₃H, PO₃H or halogen, more preferably H, lower alkyl, —OR₃, —NR₃R₄, —COOR₃, —CONR₃R₄ or halogen, most preferably H, lower alkyl, —OR₁₉ or halogen, wherein R₃ and R₄ represent independently of each other H or lower alkyl.

R_(b) preferably represents H, OH, —OSO₂Me, —OSO₂W wherein W represents Phenyl (Ph) or isomers of salicylic acid (all combinations of disubstituted phenyl with OH and COOH substituents); or the formula -Sp₃-R₆, wherein Sp₃ preferably represents a covalent bond, —O—, —OCH₂— or —OSO₂CH₂— and R₆ represents one of carbohydrate structures A-D, preferably carbohydrate structures A, B or D. More preferably R_(b) represents H, OH, —OSO₂Me, —OSO₂Ph; or the formula -Sp₃-R₆, wherein Sp₃ preferably represents a covalent bond, —O—, —OCH₂— or —OSO₂CH₂— and R₆ represents one of carbohydrate structures A-D, preferably carbohydrate structures A, B or D.

Sp₁ preferably represents a straight-chain or branched —(CH₂)_(m)— group, which is unsubstituted, mono or poly-substituted by —OH, —OR₁₈, halogen or cyano group, wherein R₁₈ represents hydrogen or lower alkyl and m is 1 to 3. More preferably Sp₁ represents a —(CH₂)₃—, which is unsubstituted or substituted by —OH or halogen.

Sp₂ preferably represents a straight-chain or branched —(CH₂)_(p)— group, which is unsubstituted, mono or poly-substituted by —OH, —OR₂₀, halogen or cyano group, wherein R₂₀ represents hydrogen or lower alkyl and p is 1 to 3. More preferably Sp₁ represents an unsubstituted —(CH₂)_(p)—, wherein p is 1 to 3, most preferably a covalent bond.

R₁₅ preferably represents —CH₂OR₁₆, —COOR₁₇ or —CH₂NH₂, wherein R₁₆ and R₁₇ independently of each other represent H, lower alkyl, aryl(lower alkyl), —CO-lower alkyl, —CO-aryl, —SO₃ ⁻ or —PO₃ ⁻, preferably H, acetyl or benzyl.

R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃, and R₁₄ preferably represent independently of each other H, lower alkyl, aryl-lower alkyl, —CO-lower alkyl, —CO-aryl, more preferably, H, acetyl or benzyl.

The term “optionally substituted aryl group” should be understood to include an aromatic ring system having 4 to 10, preferably 5, 6 or 10 ring atoms. The aryl group can be substituted with one or more substituents, which may be the same or different, and are selected from a group as defined hereinafter. Non-limiting examples of suitable aryl groups include phenyl, naphthalene or tetraline groups, most preferably phenyl groups substituted by halogeno, preferably fluoro.

The term “optionally substituted heteroaryl” should be understood to include an aromatic ring system of 5 to 14, preferably 5 to 10, more preferably 5 to 6 or 10 ring atoms, in which one or more of the atoms in the ring system is/are atoms other than carbon, for example nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur. The heteroaryl can be optionally substituted by one or more substituents, which may be the same or different, and are selected from a group as defined hereinafter. Examples of suitable 6-membered heteroaryl groups include pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl and the like. Examples of useful 5-membered heteroaryl rings include furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl and isoxazolyl. Useful bicyclic groups are benzo-fused ring systems derived from the heteroaryl groups named above, e.g., quinolyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl and indolyl.

The term “lower alkyl” should be understood to include straight chain and branched hydrocarbon groups having from 1 to 8, preferably 1 to 6, more preferably from 1 to 3 carbon atoms, which may be optionally substituted. Non-limiting examples of suitable lower alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, n-pentyl, fluoromethyl and trifluoromethyl.

The term “branched” should be understood to represent a linear straight chain hydrocarbon group having one or more lower alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl or propyl, attached to it.

The term “lower alkoxy” should be understood to include “lower alkyl-O-”-groups, wherein the lower alkyl groups are as described above and have from 1 to 8, preferably 1 to 6, more preferably from 1 to 3 carbon atoms. Methoxy, ethoxy and isopropoxy groups are especially preferred.

The term “aryl(lower alkyl)” should be understood to include an aryl(lower alkyl) group in which the aryl and lower alkyl are as previously described. Non-limiting examples of suitable aryl(lower alkyl) groups include benzyl, phenethyl and naphthalenylmethyl.

If not otherwise indicated, the term “optionally substituted” should be understood to represent substituents independently selected from the group consisting of aryl, heteroaryl, aryl(lower alkyl), (lower alkyl)aryl, aralkenyl, heteroaralkyl, alkylheteroaryl, heteroaralkenyl, hydroxy, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aralkoxy, acyl, aroyl, halogen, nitro, cyano, carboxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, aralkoxycarbonyl, aminoalkyl, alkylthio, arylthio, heteroarylthio, aralkylthio, heteroaralkylthio, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclenyl, preferably lower alkyl, hydroxy, lower alkoxy, cyano, alkylthio, amino, —NH(lower alkyl), —N(lower alkyl)2 (which alkyls can be the same or different), carboxy, —C(O)O-(lower alkyl) and halogen. Those skilled in the art will recognize that the size and nature of the substituent(s) will affect the number of substituents which can be present.

The term “halogen” should be understood to include fluoro, chloro, bromo. iodo, preferably, fluoro and chloro, most preferably, fluoro.

It is understood that all isomers, including enantiomers, stereoisomers, rotamers, tautomers and racemates of the compounds of formula I and in particular the compounds of formulas II and III are contemplated as being part of this invention. The invention includes stereoisomers in optically pure form and in admixture, including racemic mixtures. Isomers can be prepared using conventional techniques, either by reacting optically pure or optically enriched starting materials or by separating isomers of a compound of formula I and in particular the compounds of formulas II and III. In a preferred embodiment the stereochemistry in the central ring is such that the substituents at the 3- and 4-position are in trans configuration to each other.

In yet a further embodiment, preferred combinations of groups R_(a) and R_(b) include combinations wherein R_(b) is as defined hereinabove and is in para-position (in relation to the linker Sp₂) and R_(a) is as defined hereinabove, most preferably H, and is in meta-position.

Thus in a further preferred embodiment the present invention is directed towards a compound of formula IVa,

wherein R_(a), R_(b), Sp₁, Sp₂, P, X, Y, Z and n are as defined hereinabove.

Such preferred combinations are thus compounds of formulas IIa-f and IIIa-h wherein R_(b) is as defined hereinabove and is in para-position (in relation to the linker Sp₂) and R_(a) is as defined hereinabove, most preferably H, and is in meta-position.

Further preferred embodiments include combinations, wherein Sp₂ is a covalent bond and Y and Z represent optionally substituted phenyl rings.

Thus in a further preferred embodiment the present invention is directed towards a compound of formula IVb,

wherein R_(a), R_(b), Sp₁, P and X are as defined hereinabove and wherein R₂₁ and R₂₂ preferably represent H, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy or halogen, most preferably in para-position.

Such combinations are thus compounds of formulas IIa-f and IIIa-h wherein Sp₂ is a covalent bond and Y and Z represent optionally substituted phenyl rings.

Compounds of formula I and in particular compounds of formulas II and III may be prepared using methods of preparation known in the art and are described in the following paragraphs:

The 2-azetidinone portions of the compounds of formula II can be prepared by known methods, such as are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,631,365, 5,756,470, 5,767,115, 5,846,966, 6,207,822, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/279,288 filed Mar. 28, 2001, and PCT Patent Application WO 93/02048, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Compounds of formula IIa according to the invention may then be obtained by further linkage to appropriate carbohydrate structures using literature procedures as illustrated by the Examples.

Compounds of formula IIb may be obtained through conversion of β-lactams to thiolactams, most commonly performed with Lawesson's reagent (Verkoyen, C. and Rademacher, P. Chem. Ber. 1985, 118, 653-660; Yde, B. et al. Tetrahedron 1984, 40, 2047-2052; Steliou, K.; Mrani, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 3104-3106; Clader, J. W. et al. J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, 3684-3693).

Compounds of formula IIc may be obtained through conversion of β-lactams to azetidines, which may be achieved by a number of well known methods in the art, such as (1) direct one-step reduction with reducing agents of the composition AlH_(x)Cl_(3-x), such as chlorodihydroalane or alane (Jackson, M. B. et al. Aust. J. Chem. 1983, 36, 779), or diborane (Jackson, M. B. et al.; Aust. J. Chem. 1983, 36, 779-788), AlHCl₂ and DIBAL-H (Yamashita, M. and Ojima, I. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 6339-6342; Ojima, I. et al. J. Org. Chem. 1991, 56, 5263-5277); and (2) cyclodehydration of 1,3-amino alcohols using various methods (Sohar, P. et al. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 2 2000, 287-293; Suga, H. et al. S. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 11197-11198; Barluenga, J. et al. Tetrahedron 1996, 52, 3095-3106; Obika, S. et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 2003, 44, 5267-5270) as also outlined in the Examples.

The preparation of compounds of formula IIIa is effected as outlined in Scheme I through initial Sharpless asymmetric amino hydroxylation reaction of the desired trans-1,2-disubstituted alkenes (Demko, Z. P. et al. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 2221-2223; O'Brien, P. Angew. Chem. Int. Edit. Engl. 1999, 38, 326-329; Bodkin, J. A.; McLeod, M. D. J. Chem. Soc. Perkin Trans. 1 2002, 2733-2746), followed by chromatographic separation to obtain the desired regioisomeric product. Subsequent cleavage of the paratoluene sulfonamide group furnishes a primary amine which upon Buchwald-Hartwig arylation reaction (Hartwig, J. F. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 852-860; Wolfe, J. P.; Wagaw, S.; Marcoux, J. F.; Buchwald, S. L. Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 805-818) and subsequent exposure to triphosgene eventually leads to the formation of the desired oxazolidinones of formula IIIa. Alternatively, they can be accessed as outlined in the Examples.

Compounds of formula IIIe may be obtained e.g. as illustrated in Scheme II using known methods in the art (Mish, M. R. et al. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 8379-8380; Guerra, F. M. et al. Org. Lett. 2000, 2, 4265-4267). Alternatively, compounds in which sp₂ is not a covalent bond can be synthesized as demonstrated in the Examples.

The preparation of pyrazolidinones of formula IIIc proceeds in an analogous strategy to that reported in the literature as illustrated in Scheme III (Lou, B. S. et al. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 5509-5514; Tomkinson, N. C. O. Rodd's Chemistry of Carbon Compounds (2nd Edition), Asymmetric Catalysis, Ed. M. Sainsbury 2001, 5, 199-258).

It has been found that the use of sulfonate linkages in e.g. the Rb or Sp3 group, i.e. linking carbohydrates to the phenylene ring is particularly beneficial in that the S═O double bonds in the linkages may function as hydrogen bond acceptors compared to the more non-polar nature of a C-glycoside linkage. Such linkages have not yet been reported to link carbohydrates to other kinds of molecules. Furthermore the linkages are nonhydrolyzable, i.e. the carbohydrates are not hydrolyzed off. It has further been shown that the compounds of the invention display superior pharmacological activities and are able to overcome the drawbacks of known cholesterol-lowering agents using well-established methods in the art, e.g. evaluation of their IC₅₀ value for cholesterol uptake in rabbit brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) as well as in Caco-2 cells (Hauser, H. et al, Biochemistry 1998, 37, 17843-17850; Schulthess, G. et al, Biochemistry 2000, 39, 12623-12631; Werder, M. et al, Biochemistry 2001, 40, 11643-11650; Boffelli, D. et al. FEBS Lett. 1997, 411, 7-11) (see also Table I).

Thus, the compounds of the invention, e.g. compounds of formula I and their pharmaceutically acceptable acid addition salts, exhibit pharmacological activity and are, therefore, useful as pharmaceuticals. The compounds of the invention have been shown to effectively inhibit cholesterol absorption and are therefore useful in the treatment and/or prevention of atherosclerosis and of the reduction of cholesterol levels.

Thus in yet a further aspect, the present invention is directed to a method of treatment and/or prevention of atherosclerosis, of the reduction of cholesterol levels and of treating or preventing a vascular condition, comprising administering to a mammal in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound of formula I and in particular a compound of formulas II and III.

The novel compounds of formula I can be used, for example, in the form of pharmaceutical compositions containing a therapeutically effective amount of the active ingredient, if appropriate together with inorganic or organic, solid or liquid, pharmaceutically acceptable carriers suitable for enteral, e.g. oral, or parenteral administration. Accordingly, tablets or gelatin capsules are used that contain the active ingredient together with diluents, typically lactose, dextrose, saccharose, mannitol, sorbitol, cellulose and/or lubricants, e.g. diatomaceous earth, talcum, stearic acid or salts thereof, such as magnesium stearate or calcium stearate, and/or polyethylene glycol. Tablets may also contain binders, typically magnesium aluminium silicate, starches, typically corn starch, wheat starch, rice starch or arrow root starch, gelatin, tragacanth, methylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose and/or polyvinylpyrrolidone, and, if desired, disintegrators, typically starches, agar, alginic acid or a salt thereof, e.g. sodium alginate, and/or effervescent mixtures, or absorbents, colourants, flavourings and sweeteners.

Thus in another aspect, the invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula I, and in particular a compound of formulas II and III (and optionally other therapeutically effective agents), and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for the treatment or prevention of arteriosclerosis or for the reduction of cholesterol levels.

The terms “effective amount” and “therapeutically effective amount” mean that amount of a compound of formula I and in particular compounds of formulas II and III (and optionally other therapeutically effective agents), that will elicit a biological or medical response of a tissue, system, animal or mammal, which includes alleviation of the symptoms of the condition or disease being treated and the prevention, slowing or halting of progression of one or more conditions, for example atherosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia.

The pharmaceutical compositions so obtained which, if desired, contain further pharmacologically active substances, are prepared in a manner known per se by conventional mixing, granulating, sugar-coating, solution or lyophilising methods and contain from about 0.1% to 100%, preferably from about 1% to about 50%, lyophilisate to about 100%, of active ingredient.

The compounds, compositions and treatments of the present invention can be administered by any suitable means which produce contact of these compounds with the site of action in the body, for example in the plasma, liver or small intestine of a mammal or human. Thus the novel compounds of formula I may also be used in the form of compositions for parenteral, oral, transdermal administration or infusion solutions. Such solutions are preferably isotonic aqueous solutions or suspension which, e.g. in the case of lyophilised compositions that contain the active ingredient by itself or together with a carrier, such as mannitol, can be prepared before use. The pharmaceutical compositions can be sterilised and/or can contain excipients, typically preservatives, stabilisers, wetting agents and/or emulsifiers, solubilisers, salts for regulating the osmotic pressure and/or buffers.

In yet a further aspect, the invention relates to a kit comprising an effective amount of a compound of formula I and in particular a compound of formulas II and III in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier (and optionally an effective amount of another therapeutically effective agent), optionally in separate compartments.

The following non-limiting Examples illustrate the above-described invention in more detail.

EXAMPLES

Materials and Methods: Reactions in anhydrous solvents were all performed using oven dried glassware under an atmosphere of argon. Reagent grade solvents were all purchased from chemical companies and used without prior purification. For chromatic purification, technical grade solvents were distillated prior to use. TLC was performed using Machery-Nagel Alugram Sil G/UV₂₅₄ TLC plates and visualized with ultraviolet light at 254 nm and 12 g phosphor molybdic acid in 250 mL EtOH or 10% H₂SO₄ in MeOH (v/v). Chromatographic purification of products was accomplished using dry column vacuum chromatography on Merck Silica Gel 60 (15-40 μm) according to literature procedures (Pedersen, D. S. and Rosenbohm, C. Synthesis 2001, 2431-2434); fractions containing product were pooled, the solvents were evaporated under reduced pressure and the residue was dried under high vacuum to give the product. NMR spectra were recorded on a Varian Mercury 300 MHz apparatus operating at 300 MHz and 75 MHz for ¹H and ¹³C, respectively, and chemical shifts (δ) were referenced to the internal solvent signals. IR-Spectra were recorded in CHCl₃ on a Perkin Elmer Spectrum RX I FT-IR apparatus (thin films on NaCl plates) and are reported as absorption maxima in cm⁻¹. Elemental analysis was performed by the Mikroelementaranalytisches Laboratorium at the ETH, Zürich. High resolution matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) was recorded in positive ion mode.

Example 1

LiAlH₄ (114 mg, 3.0 mmol) and AlCl₃ (390 mg, 2.9 mmol) were suspended in anhydrous ether (15 mL) and refluxed for 30 min. Trans-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-[(3-phenyl)-propyl]-4-phenyl-2-azetidinone (361 mg, 1.00 mmol; prepared according to Browne, M. et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 1995, 36, 2555-2558) dissolved in anhydrous ether (15 mL) was added and after stirring at reflux for 30 min, the suspension was cooled and H₂O (5 mL) was added dropwise followed by addition of 50% sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (30 mL). The layers were separated, the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc/hexane and ether and the combined organic layer was washed successively with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (20 mL) and H₂O (20 mL), evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (3.7×3.3 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-10% EtOAc in hexane (v/v) to give the desired compound V (281 mg, 81%) as a colourless oil.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.51-7.14 (10H, m), 6.87 (2H, t, J=8.7 Hz), 6.38 (2H, dd, J=4.7, 9.0 Hz), 4.46 (1H, d, J=6.8 Hz), 4.17 (1H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 3.35 (1H, dd, J=6.8, 7.5 Hz), 2.69-2.58 (3H, m), 1.85-1.56 (4H, m). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 157.64, 154.52, 148.53, 142.69, 141.95 (C), 128.66, 128.25, 127.47, 125.99, 125.73, 115.41, 115.12, 113.04, 112.94 (CH), 74.37 (CH), 56.05 (CH₂), 42.09 (CH), 35.85, 33.52, 28.92 (CH₂). IR (cm⁻¹): 3026, 2933, 2852, 1603, 1508, 1473, 1453, 1321, 1222, 1120, 823, 773, 747, 699. MALDI-MS (C₂₄H₂₄FN): [MH]⁺ 346.1982 (calcd. 346.1971). Anal. Calcd for C₂₄H₂₄FN: C, 83.44; H, 7.00; N, 4.05. Found: C, 83.45; H, 7.06; N, 4.27.

Example 2

a)

Ezetimibe (commercially obtained or synthesized according to Wu, G. Z. et al., J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 3714-3718) (5.530 g, 13.5 mmol) was suspended in 2-propanol (70 mL), aq. NaOH (2M, 15 mL) followed by AC₂O (3.0 mL, 32 mmol) were added and the solution was stirred for 5 h followed by addition of sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (200 mL). After extraction with EtOAc (4×50 mL), the combined organic layer was washed successively with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (50 mL) and H₂O (50 mL), evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (5.2×5.5 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-100% EtOAc in hexane (v/v) to give the corresponding azetidinone acetate (5.930 g, 97%) as a white foam.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.31 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.29-7.18 (4H, m), 7.09 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 6.99 (2H, t, J=8.7 Hz), 6.92 (2H, t, J=8.7 Hz), 4.67 (1H, bs), 4.61 (1H, d, J=2.5 Hz), 3.08-3.04 (1H, m), 2.75 (1H, bs), 2.29 (3H, s), 1.97-1.85 (4H, m). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 169.16, 167.23, 163.56, 160.46, 160.32, 157.24, 150.58, 139.94, 139.90, 134.85, 133.53, 133.50 (C), 127.32, 127.21, 126.78, 122.38, 118.34, 118.23, 115.95, 115.65, 115.35, 115.07 (CH), 72.95, 60.81, 60.33 (CH), 36.61, 25.07 (CH₂), 21.19 (CH₃). IR (cm⁻¹): 3443, 3019, 2936, 2862, 1747, 1605, 1509, 1427, 1388, 1370, 1221, 1198, 1157, 1016, 835, 757, 668. MALDI-MS (C₂₆H₂₃F₂NO₄): [MH-H₂O]⁺ 434.1556 (calcd. 434.1568); [MNa]⁺ 474.1485 (calcd. 474.1493))

Subsequently the acetate (1.864 g, 4.13 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (25 mL), imidazole (939 mg, 13.8 mmol) and TBDMSCl (1.853 g, 12.3 mmol) were added sequentially and the solution was stirred for 3 h followed by addition of 50% sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (150 mL). After extraction with EtOAc (4×40 mL), the combined organic layer was washed successively with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (40 mL) and H₂O (40 mL), evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.2×5.5 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-30% EtOAc in hexane (v/v) to give the corresponding silylated azetidinone acetate (2.137 g, 91%) as a colourless oil.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.31 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.26-7.20 (4H, m), 7.10 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 6.98 (2H, t, J=8.7 Hz), 6.91 (2H, t, J=8.7 Hz), 4.67 (1H, t, J=5.3 Hz), 4.58 (1H, d, J=1.9 Hz), 3.06-3.02 (1H, m), 2.28 (3H, s), 1.96-1.80 (4H, m), 0.88 (9H, s), 0.02 (3H, s), −0.16 (3H, s). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 169.16, 167.06, 163.42, 160.47, 160.16, 157.23, 150.62, 140.50, 135.10, 133.74, 133.70 (C), 127.26, 127.14, 126.77, 122.37, 118.27, 118.16, 115.89, 115.58, 115.03, 114.76 (CH), 73.74, 60.67, 60.53 (CH), 37.94 (CH₂), 25.73 (CH₃), 24.55 (CH₂), 20.99 (CH₃), 18.07 (C), −4.74, −5.05 (CH₃). IR (cm⁻¹): 2953, 2930, 2857, 1752, 1606, 1510, 1472, 1426, 1385, 1370, 1252, 1219, 1197, 1166, 1140, 1102, 1086, 1015, 912, 835, 777, 736. MALDI-MS: [MH-TBDMSOH]⁺ 434.1556 (calcd. 434.1568); [MNa]⁺ 588.2347 (calcd. 588.2358). Anal. Calcd for C₃₂H₃₇F₂NO₄Si: C, 67.94; H, 6.59; N, 2.48. Found: C, 67.94; H, 6.64; N, 2.37)

The silylated azetidinone acetate (5.123 g, 9.06 mmol) was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (200 mL), neutral alumina (50 g) was added and the suspension was evaporated to dryness. The coated alumina was dried shortly under vacuum and then heated to 70° C. for 5.5 h. After cooling, the alumina was extracted with 10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ (8×50 mL) and the combined organic extracts were evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (5.4×5.5 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-30% EtOAc in hexane (v/v) to give the silylated azetidinone phenol VIa (3.919 g, 83%) as a white foam.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.26-7.14 (6H, m), 6.99-6.83 (6H, m), 6.16 (1H, bs), 4.65 (1H, t, J=5.3 Hz), 4.52 (1H, d, J=1.9 Hz), 3.04-2.98 (1H, m), 1.92-1.76 (4H, m), 0.86 (9H, s), 0.00 (3H, s), −0.17 (3H, s). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 167.82, 163.28, 160.42, 156.12, 140.50, 140.45, 133.57 (C), 128.92, 127.19, 127.15, 127.08, 118.43, 118.32, 116.05, 115.85, 115.55, 115.01, 114.72 (CH), 73.82, 61.17, 60.35 (CH), 38.07 (CH₂), 25.89 (CH₃), 24.68 (CH₂), 18.25 (C), −4.54, −4.84 (CH₃). IR (cm⁻¹): 3351, 2953, 2938, 2857, 1722, 1615, 1604, 1510, 1450, 1391, 1361, 1252, 1223, 1156, 1103, 1087, 863, 834, 776, 760. MALDI-MS: [MH-TBDMSOH]⁺ 392.1451 (calcd. 392.1462); [MH]⁺ 524.2409 (calcd. 524.2433); [MNa]⁺ 546.2242 (calcd. 546.2252). Anal. Calcd for C₃₀H₃₅F₂NO₃Si: C, 68.81; H, 6.74; N, 2.67. Found: C, 68.61; H, 6.82; N, 2.66. b)

The silylated azetidinone phenol VIa (176 mg, 0.336 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL), anhydrous pyridine (0.5 mL) followed by MsCl (0.1 mL, 1.29 mmol) were added and the solution was stirred for 22 h, diluted with EtOAc (50 mL) and washed sequentially with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (20 mL) and H₂O (20 mL). The organic layer was evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.2×3.3 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-50% EtOAc in hexane (v/v) to give the intermediate mesylate VIb (195.5 mg, 92%) as a colourless oil.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.35 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.28 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.26-7.18 (4H, m), 6.98 (2H, t, J=8.7 Hz), 6.93 (2H, t, J=8.7 Hz), 4.67 (1H, dd, J=4.4, 6.2 Hz), 4.59 (1H, d, J=1.9 Hz), 3.16 (3H, s), 3.04-3.00 (1H, m), 1.93-1.79 (4H, m), 0.87 (9H, s), 0.01 (3H, s), −0.16 (3H, s). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 166.83, 163.46, 160.57, 160.21, 157.34, 148.88, 140.53, 140.49, 137.07, 133.59, 133.56 (C), 127.36, 127.28, 127.18, 122.94, 118.26, 118.16, 116.04, 115.73, 115.10, 114.81 (CH), 73.79, 60.67, 60.41 (CH), 37.97 (CH₂), 37.59, 25.76 (CH₃), 24.60 (CH₂), 18.11 (C), −4.71, −5.02 (CH₃). IR (cm⁻¹): 2952, 2931, 2857, 1752, 1605, 1509, 1371, 1252, 1220, 1176, 1153, 1102, 1086, 971, 871, 835, 777. MALDI-MS: [MH-TBDMSOH]⁺ 470.1228 (calcd. 470.12376); [MNa]⁺ 624.2029 (calcd. 624.2027). Anal. Calcd for C₃₃H₃₇F₂NO₅SiS: C, 61.87; H, 6.20; N, 2.33. Found: C, 61.69; H, 6.19; N, 2.15).

c)

The intermediate mesylate received in the previous step (67.7 mg, 0.112 mmol) was dissolved in THF (2 mL), TBAF (0.2 mL, 1M in THF) was added and the solution was stirred for 1.5 h, diluted with EtOAc (20 mL) and washed successively with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (10 mL) and H₂O (10 mL). The organic layer was evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.2×2.0 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-90% EtOAc in hexane (v/v) to give the desired mesylated azetidinone VI (37.0 mg, 68%) as a white solid after coevaporation with hexane (10

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.37-7.17 (8H, m), 7.03-6.91 (4H, m), 4.69 (1H, t, J=5.9 Hz), 4.65 (1H, d, J=1.9 Hz), 3.16 (3H, s), 3.07-3.01 (1H, m), 2.63 (1H, bs), 2.03-1.84 (4H, m). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 167.11, 163.76, 160.68, 160.50, 157.44, 148.89, 139.92, 136.86, 133.41 (C), 127.40, 127.27, 122.98, 118.35, 118.24, 116.10, 115.79, 115.45, 115.18, 115.11 (CH), 73.03, 60.48, 60.41 (CH), 37.63 (CH₃), 36.48, 25.00 (CH₂). IR (cm⁻¹): 3428, 2937, 1744, 1604, 1510, 1426, 1369, 1221, 1176, 1152, 1103, 1016, 971, 912, 872, 835, 788, 734. MALDI-MS: [MH-H₂O]⁺ 470.1239 (calcd. 470.1238); [MNa]⁺ 510.1164 (calcd. 510.1163). Anal. Calcd for C₂₅H₂₃F₂NO₅S: C, 61.59; H, 4.75; N, 2.87. Found: C, 61.79; H, 4.89; N, 2.76.

Example 3

LiAlH₄ (58 mg, 1.5 mmol) and AlCl₃ (202 mg, 1.5 mmol) were suspended in anhydrous ether (15 mL), refluxed for 30 min and cooled to 0° C. The mesylate VIb obtained in step 2b) (195.5 mg, 0.325 mmol) dissolved in anhydrous ether (5 mL) was added and after stirring at 0° C. for 15 min, sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (1 mL) was added dropwise. The suspension was evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.6×3.3 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-50% EtOAc in hexane (v/v) to give the intermediate silylated azetidine (146.4 mg, 77%) as a colourless oil.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.49 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.30 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.18 (2H, dd, J=5.0, 8.7 Hz), 6.98 (2H, t, J=8.7 Hz), 6.85 (2H, t, J=8.7 Hz), 6.31 (2H, dd, J=4.4, 9.3 Hz), 4.58 (1H, t, J=5.3 Hz), 4.40 (1H, d, J=6.8 Hz), 4.11 (1H, t, J=7.2 Hz), 3.28 (1H, t, J=7.2 Hz), 3.17 (3H, s), 2.56-2.49 (1H, m), 1.77-1.50 (4H, m), 0.88 (9H, s), 0.01 (3H, s), −0.15 (3H, s). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 163.22, 159.99, 157.69, 154.57, 148.23, 148.07, 141.97, 140.62 (C), 127.41, 127.13, 127.03, 122.25, 115.43, 115.13, 114.96, 114.68, 113.00, 112.90 (CH), 73.86, 73.29 (CH), 55.88 (CH₂), 41.88 (CH), 37.90 (CH₂), 37.43 (CH₃), 29.43 (CH₂), 25.85 (CH₃), 18.24 (C), −4.53, −4.88 (CH₃). IR (cm⁻¹): 2932, 2856, 1605, 1509, 1473, 1372, 1331, 1252, 1222, 1198, 1171, 1151, 1090, 970, 870, 836, 776. MALDI-MS: [MH-TBDMSOH]⁺ 456.1442 (calcd. 456.14449); [MNa]⁺ 610.2236 (calcd. 610.22348). Anal. Calcd for C₃₁H₃₉F₂NO₄SiS: C, 63.34; H, 6.69; N, 2.38. Found: C, 63.49; H, 6.87; N, 2.33.

This intermediate silylated azetidine (146.3 mg, 0.249 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (5.0 mL, teflon bottle) at 0° C., anhydrous pyridine (1.0 mL) followed by HF-pyridine complex (1.0 mL) were added and the solution was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h and at room temperature for 7 h, diluted with ether (30 mL) and washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (3×10 mL). The organic layer was evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.2×2.0 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-90% EtOAc in hexane (v/v) to give the desired mesylated azetidine VII (100.0 mg, 85%) as a white foam.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.50 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.28 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.22 (2H, dd, J=5.6, 8.7 Hz), 7.01 (2H, t, J=8.7 Hz), 6.84 (2H, t, J=8.7 Hz), 6.30 (2H, dd, J=4.3, 9.3 Hz), 4.57 (1H, t, J=5.6 Hz), 4.41 (1H, d, J=6.8 Hz), 4.12 (1H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 3.30 (1H, dd, J=6.8, 7.5 Hz), 3.16 (3H, s), 2.55 (1H, dt, J=6.8, 7.5 Hz), 1.93 (1H, bs), 1.88-1.53 (4H, m). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 163.62, 160.37, 157.74, 154.61, 148.22, 148.01, 141.89, 139.95, 139.91 (C), 127.46, 127.28, 127.17, 122.29, 115.46, 115.42, 115.13, 113.02, 112.92 (CH), 73.43, 73.28 (CH), 55.92 (CH₂), 41.81 (CH), 37.49 (CH₃), 36.28, 29.85 (CH₂). IR (cm⁻¹): 3416, 2938, 2853, 1508, 1367, 1221, 1196, 1171, 1149, 970, 871, 823. MALDI-MS (C₂₅H₂₅F₂NO₄S): [MH-H₂O]⁺ 456.1447 (calcd. 456.1445); [M]⁺ 473.1481 (calcd. 473.1472); [MNa]⁺ 496.1380 (calcd. 496.1370).

Example 4

The silylated azetidinone phenol VIa obtained in step 2a) (143 mg, 0.273 mmol) and C-(hydroxymethyl)-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (prepared according to RajanBabu, T. V. and Reddy, G. S. J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 5458-5461; 180 mg, 0.325 mmol) were dissolved in anhydrous THF (10 mL) at 0° C., Bu₃P (0.20 mL, 0.80 mmol) and 1,1′-(azodicarbonyl)dipiperidine (206 mg, 0.82 mmol) were added sequentially and the suspension was allowed to warm to ambient temperature over several hours and stirred for 24 h. EtOAc/hexane (1:4 (v/v), 20 mL) was added, the suspension was filtered through celite (2×10 mL EtOAc/hexane (1:4 (v/v)) washings) and the filtrate was evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.1×3.3 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-50% EtOAc in hexane (v/v) to give the corresponding C-glycoside (60.1 mg, 21%) as a colourless oil.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.37-7.17 (26H, m), 7.04-6.89 (6H, m), 4.96 (2H, bs), 4.89 (1H, d, J=9.3 Hz), 4.86 (1H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 4.69 (1H, t, J=5.3 Hz), 4.63-4.53 (5H, m), 4.21 (1H, d, J=10.6 Hz), 4.10 (1H, dd, J=5.0, 10.6 Hz), 3.85-3.52 (7H, m), 3.07-3.02 (1H, m), 2.01-1.78 (4H, m), 0.91 (9H, s), 0.05 (3H, s), −0.13 (3H, s). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 167.25, 158.74, 140.53, 140.49, 138.29, 137.85, 137.79, 137.65, 133.81 (C), 129.53, 128.32, 128.28, 128.18, 127.96, 127.81, 127.78, 127.74, 127.66, 127.54, 127.48, 127.18, 127.08, 126.90, 118.22, 118.12, 115.77, 115.47, 115.30, 114.98, 114.70 (CH), 87.12, 79.14, 78.25, 77.87, 77.71 (CH), 75.56, 75.11, 75.03 (CH₂), 73.82 (CH), 73.44, 68.93, 67.23 (CH₂), 61.02, 60.47 (CH), 38.10 (CH₂), 25.89 (CH₃), 24.71 (CH₂), 18.24 (C), −4.54, −4.83 (CH₃). IR (cm⁻¹): 2951, 2929, 2858, 1749, 1608, 1510, 1454, 1386, 1361, 1250, 1223, 1156, 1141, 1101, 1028, 911, 835, 777, 735, 699. MALDI-MS (C₆₅H₇₁F₂NO₈Si): [MNa]⁺ 1082.4831 (calcd. 1082.4815).

This C-Glycoside (72 mg, 0.068 mmol) was subsequently dissolved in EtOH (5 mL), Pd(OH)₂/C (20% (w/w), 40 mg) was added and the suspension was evacuated 4 times with H₂ and stirred under an H₂-atmosphere for 17 h. The suspension was evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (3.8×2.0 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-100% EtOAc in hexane followed by 10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ (v/v) to give the debenzylated C-glycoside (28 mg, 59%) as colourless oil.

¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 167.22, 163.28, 160.05, 158.36, 157.03, 140.57, 133.75, 130.30, 129.52, 127.22, 127.11, 118.23, 115.83, 115.54, 116.35, 115.05, 114.91, 114.76, 79.16, 78.33, 77.70, 73.88, 70.18, 69.52, 67.75, 61.54, 60.79, 60.57, 38.14, 25.91, 24.81, 18.27, −4.51, −4.80. IR (cm⁻¹): 3391, 2930, 2858, 1747, 1609, 1510, 1387, 1362, 1223, 1140, 1086, 1043, 1014, 835, 758. MALDI-MS (C₃₇H₄₇F₂NO₈Si): [MH-TBDMSOH]⁺ 568.2132 (calcd. 568.2147); [MNa]⁺ 722.2939 (calcd. 722.2937).

Subsequently, the debenzylated C-Glycoside (27.0 mg, 0.039 mmol) was dissolved in THF (1.0 mL), TBAF (0.2 mL, 1M in THF) was added and the solution was stirred for 15 h, diluted with CH₂Cl₂, evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (3.5×2.0 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-18% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ (v/v) to give the desired C-glycoside VIII (14.0 mg, 62%) as a white solid after coevaporation with hexane (10 mL).

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ: 7.33-7.23 (6H, m), 7.05-6.94 (6H, m), 4.78 (1H, d, J=1.9 Hz), 4.59 (1H, t, J=5.3 Hz), 4.29 (1H, dd, J=1.5, 10.3 Hz), 4.13 (1H, dd, J=5.6, 10.6 Hz), 3.85 (1H, d, J=11.2 Hz), 3.67-3.61 (1H, m), 3.57-3.51 (1H, m), 3.44-3.37 (2H, m), 3.31-3.28 (2H, m), 3.11-3.06 (1H, m), 1.97-1.81 (4H, m). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CD₃OD) δ: 169.20, 160.12, 130.69, 128.36, 128.25, 128.14, 119.52, 119.41, 116.35, 116.04, 115.93, 115.63, 115.35, 81.55, 79.49, 79.39, 73.35, 71.30, 71.23, 68.77, 62.66, 61.74, 60.86, 37.22, 25.84. MALDI-MS (C₃₁H₃₃F₂NO₈): [MH-TBDMSOH]⁺ 568.2143 (calcd. 568.2147); [MNa]⁺ 608.2073 (calcd. 608.2072).

Example 5

a)

Methyl 2,3,4-Tri-O-benzyl-α-D-glucopyranoside (prepared according to Jaramillo, C. et al; Chiara, J. L.; Martinlomas, M. J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 3135-3141; 1.181 g, 2.54 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (25 mL) at 0° C., anhydrous pyridine (3.0 mL) followed by MsCl (0.50 mL, 6.4 mmol) were added and the solution was stirred at 0° C. for 1 h and at room temperature for 7 h followed by addition of sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (50 mL). The layers were separated and the aqueous layer extracted with EtOAc (3×25 mL). The combined organic layer was washed successively with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (25 mL) and H₂O (25 mL), evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.1×3.3 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-100% CH₂Cl₂ in hexane (v/v) followed by 0.25-1.0% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ (v/v) to give the corresponding mesylate (1.303 g, 94%) as a colourless oil after coevaporation with acetonitrile (3×10 mL).

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.39-7.26 (15H, m), 5.02 (1H, d, J=10.6 Hz), 4.92 (1H, d, J=10.6 Hz), 4.84 (1H, d, J=10.6 Hz), 4.80 (1H, d, J=12.5 Hz), 4.66 (1H, d, J=11.8 Hz), 4.63 (1H, d, J=10.6 Hz), 4.60 (1H, d, J=3.7 Hz), 4.41-4.32 (2H, m), 4.02 (1H, t, J=9.3 Hz), 3.85 (1H, dt, J=3.7, 10.0 Hz), 3.52 (1H, dt, J=3.7, 6.2 Hz), 3.50 (1H, bs), 3.39 (3H, s), 2.98 (3H, s). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 138.30, 137.75, 137.56 (C), 128.36, 128.30, 127.94, 127.84, 127.76, 127.57 (CH), 98.06, 81.73, 79.69, 76.86 (CH), 75.73, 75.09, 73.44 (CH₂), 68.59 (CH), 68.36 (CH₂), 55.46, 37.54 (CH₃). IR (cm⁻¹): 3031, 2913, 1497, 1454, 1359, 1177, 1089, 1074, 1046, 1003, 965, 931, 813, 739, 699. MALDI-MS: [MNa]⁺ 565.1873 (calcd. 565.1872). Anal. Calcd for C₂₉H₃₄O₈S: C, 64.19; H, 6.32. Found: C, 63.99; H, 6.27.

Subsequently, this mesylate (1.290 g, 2.38 mmol) was dissolved in EtOH (25 mL), KOSCMe (869 mg, 7.61 mmol) was added and the unclear solution was stirred at reflux for 4 h (orange precipitate). After cooling, 50% sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (100 mL) was added and the suspension was extracted with EtOAc (3×50 mL). The combined organic layer was washed successively with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (50 mL) and H₂O (50 mL), evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.1×3.3 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-30% EtOAc in hexane (v/v) to give the corresponding thioacetate (1.189 g, 96%) as a light orange solid.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.41-7.32 (15H, m), 5.03 (1H, d, J=10.6 Hz), 4.94 (1H, d, J=10.6 Hz), 4.86 (1H, d, J=10.6 Hz), 4.82 (1H, d, J=11.8 Hz), 4.69 (1H, d, J=11.8 Hz), 4.66 (1H, d, J=10.6 Hz), 4.58 (1H, d, J=3.1 Hz), 4.02 (1H, t, J=9.0 Hz), 3.81 (1H, dt, J=2.5, 7.5 Hz), 3.55 (1H, dd, J=3.7, 9.3 Hz), 3.48 (1H, dd, J=3.1, 13.7 Hz), 3.40 (3H, s), 3.35 (1H, t, J=9.5 Hz), 3.08 (1H, dd, J=7.5, 13.7 Hz), 2.36 (3H, s). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 194.67, 138.46, 137.90, 137.78 (C), 128.33, 128.29, 128.03, 127.94, 127.85, 127.81, 127.74, 127.53 (CH), 97.72, 81.69, 80.36, 79.78 (CH), 75.64, 75.04, 73.22 (CH₂), 69.23 (CH), 55.02 (CH₃), 30.73 (CH₂), 30.39 (CH₃). IR (cm⁻¹): 3063, 3031, 2908, 1694, 1497, 1454, 1358, 1201, 1156, 1136, 1092, 1072, 1050, 1029, 999, 955, 737, 698, 630. MALDI-MS: [MNa]⁺ 545.1974 (calcd. 545.1974). Anal. Calcd for C₃₀H₃₄O₆S: C, 68.94; H, 6.56. Found: C, 68.77; H, 6.63.

The thioacetate received above (1.180 g, 2.26 mmol) was then dissolved in AcOH (25 mL), KOAc (4.082 g, 41.6 mmol) followed by Oxone (2KHSO₅.KHSO₄.K₂SO₄, 4.019 g, 8.69 mmol) were added and after stirring for 15 h, sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (100 mL), H₂O (50 mL) and sat. aq. Na₂CO₃ (50 mL) were carefully added. After extraction with EtOAc (4×40 mL), the combined organic layer was washed with sat. aq. Na₂CO₃ (50 mL), evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.0×3.3 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-90% EtOAc in hexane (v/v) followed by 0-50% MeOH in EtOAc (v/v) to give the corresponding sulfonate salt (1.116 g, 90%) as a white solid.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ: 7.37-7.21 (15H, m), 4.90 (1H, d, J=11.2 Hz), 4.86 (1H, d, J=10.6 Hz), 4.84 (1H, d, J=11.2 Hz), 4.73 (1H, d, J=3.1 Hz), 4.72 (1H, d, J=11.2 Hz), 4.64 (1H, d, J=12.5 Hz), 4.60 (1H, d, J=11.2 Hz), 4.16 (1H, t, J=9.2 Hz), 3.90 (1H, t, J=9.3 Hz), 3.55 (1H, dd, J=3.4, 9.3 Hz), 3.48 (3H, s), 3.30-3.22 (2H, m), 2.92 (1H, dd, J=10.0, 14.3 Hz). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CD₃OD) δ: 140.03, 139.57, 139.55 (C), 129.42, 129.31, 129.15, 128.93, 128.89, 128.84, 128.67, 128.59 (CH), 98.53, 83.03, 81.65, 81.52 (CH), 76.44, 75.83, 73.85 (CH₂), 68.52 (CH), 55.95 (CH₃), 53.65 (CH₂). IR (cm⁻¹): 3484, 3030, 2922, 1497, 1454, 1360, 1230, 1198, 1177, 1156, 1093, 1058, 1028, 736, 696. MALDI-MS (C₂₈H₃₁NaO₈S): [MNa]⁺ 573.1536 (calcd. 573.1535). Finally, the obtained sulfonate salt (696 mg, 1.26 mmol) was suspended in anhydrous acetonitrile/CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL, 1:1 (v/v)) at 0° C., Ph₃P (1.002 g, 3.8 mmol) and thionyl chloride (0.40 mL, 5.5 mmol) were added sequentially and the suspension was stirred at room temperature for 13 h. EtOAc/hexane (1:4 (v/v), 100 mL) was added, the suspension was filtered through celite (4×15 mL EtOAc/hexane (1:3 (v/v)) washings) and the filtrate was evaporated and dried shortly under vacuum to give the desired sulfonyl chloride IXa (657 mg, 95%) as a yellowish oil.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.42-7.28 (15H, m), 5.05 (1H, d, J=10.6 Hz), 4.96 (1H, d, J=11.8 Hz), 4.85 (1H, d, J=10.6 Hz), 4.83 (1H, d, J=11.8 Hz), 4.67 (1H, d, J=12.5 Hz), 4.60 (1H, d, J=11.2 Hz), 4.60 (1H, d, J=3.1 Hz), 4.33 (1H, t, J=9.6 Hz), 4.07 (1H, t, J=9.0 Hz), 3.85 (1H, dd, J=1.2, 13.7 Hz), 3.55 (1H, d, J=9.3 Hz), 3.52 (1H, t, J=10.0 Hz), 3.46 (3H, s), 3.26 (1H, t, J=9.5 Hz). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 138.02, 137.57, 137.06 (C), 128.58, 128.36, 128.30, 128.23, 128.12, 127.92, 127.66 (CH), 98.00, 81.56, 79.41, 78.49 (CH), 75.85, 74.76, 73.38, 66.75 (CH₂), 65.93 (CH), 55.90 (CH₃). MALDI-MS (C₂₈H₃₁ClO₇S): [MNa]⁺ 569.1378 (calcd. 569.1377). b)

The sulfonyl chloride IXa obtained in step 5a) (197 mg, 0.36 mmol) was suspended in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), anhydrous pyridine (0.5 mL) followed by the silylated azetidinone phenol VIa obtained in step 2a) (70.0 mg, 0.13 mmol) were added and the solution was stirred for 22 h, diluted with EtOAc (25 mL) and washed sequentially with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (10 mL) and H₂O (10 mL). The organic layer was evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.3×2.0 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-35% EtOAc in hexane (v/v) to give the corresponding glycosylated azetidinone (125.5 mg, 91%) as a colourless oil/glass.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.37-7.14 (23H, m), 7.00 (2H, t, J=8.7 Hz), 6.95 (2H, t, J=8.7 Hz), 5.05 (1H, d, J=11.2 Hz), 4.97 (1H, d, J=11.2 Hz), 4.84 (1H, d, J=11.8 Hz), 4.82 (1H, d, J=10.6 Hz), 4.69 (1H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 4.67 (1H, d, J=12.5 Hz), 4.60 (1H, d, J=3.7 Hz), 4.56 (1H, d, J=12.5 Hz), 4.54 (1H, d, J=10.6 Hz), 4.29 (1H, t, J=9.5 Hz), 4.06 (1H, t, J=9.0 Hz), 3.57 (1H, t, J=3.1 Hz), 3.53 (1H, d, J=3.1 Hz), 3.46 (3H, s), 3.26 (1H, t, J=9.3 Hz), 3.14 (1H, dd, J=10.0, 14.3 Hz), 2.96 (1H, dt, J=1.9, 6.8 Hz), 1.97-1.78 (4H, m), 0.90 (9H, s), 0.04 (3H, s), −0.13 (3H, s). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 166.62, 163.27, 160.37, 160.03, 157.14, 148.91, 140.33, 138.05, 137.63, 137.29, 136.67, 133.45, 133.42 (C), 128.44, 128.31, 128.18, 128.04, 127.96, 127.86, 127.65, 127.15, 127.03, 126.97, 123.15, 118.13, 118.03, 115.93, 115.64, 115.02, 114.75 (CH), 97.92, 81.67, 79.60, 79.23 (CH), 75.78, 74.86 (CH₂), 73.78 (CH), 73.37 (CH₂), 65.64, 60.66, 60.48 (CH), 55.73 (CH₃), 51.63, 38.06 (CH₂), 25.85 (CH₃), 24.69 (CH₂), 18.22 (C), −4.54, −4.87 (CH₃). IR (cm⁻¹): 3032, 2930, 2858, 1750, 1605, 1510, 1455, 1386, 1252, 1220, 1153, 1086, 1073, 1048, 870, 836, 755, 699. MALDI-MS: [MNa]⁺ 1056.3969 (calcd. 1056.3964). Anal. Calcd for C₅₈H₆₅F₂NO₁₀SiS: C, 67.35; H, 6.33; N, 1.35. Found: C, 67.43; H, 6.44; N, 1.33.

Subsequently the glycosylated azetidinone (105.1 mg, 0.102 mmol) was dissolved in EtOH (5 mL), Pd(OH)₂/C (20% (w/w), 33 mg) was added and the suspension was evacuated 4 times with H₂ and stirred under an H₂-atmosphere for 6 h. The suspension was evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.2×2.0 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ (v/v) to give the debenzylated azetidinone (63.2 mg, 81%) as a colourless oil.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, acetone-d₆) δ: 7.55 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.42 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.37 (2H, dd, J=5.9, 8.4 Hz), 7.28 (2H, dd, J=5.0, 9.3 Hz), 7.11-7.01 (4H, m), 4.96 (1H, d, J=1.9 Hz), 4.84 (1H, t, J=5.3 Hz), 4.69 (1H, d, J=3.7 Hz), 4.61 (1H, d, J=5.0 Hz), 4.35 (1H, d, J=3.1 Hz), 4.16 (1H, dt, J=1.2, 10.0 Hz), 3.87 (1H, dd, J=1.2, 14.9 Hz), 3.79 (1H, d, J=7.5 Hz), 3.65 (1H, t, J=9.0 Hz), 3.56 (1H, dd, J=10.0, 14.9 Hz), 3.45-3.40 (1H, m), 3.38 (3H, s), 3.27-3.14 (2H, m), 2.00-1.88 (4H, m), 0.87 (9H, s), 0.05 (3H, s), −0.15 (3H, s). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, acetone-d₆) δ: 167.25, 163.96, 160.84, 160.75, 157.65, 150.14, 141.91, 141.87, 138.13, 134.95, 134.91 (C), 128.32, 128.23, 123.84, 118.98, 118.88, 116.43, 116.12, 115.49, 115.21 (CH), 100.74, 74.77, 74.42, 73.55, 73.04, 68.01, 61.25, 60.50 (CH), 55.56 (CH₃), 52.83, 38.50 (CH₂), 26.16 (CH₃), 25.34 (CH₂), 18.65 (C), −4.47, −4.71 (CH₃). IR (cm⁻¹): 3396, 2951, 2931, 2857, 1754, 1701, 1605, 1510, 1426, 1385, 1250, 1220, 1151, 1103, 1088, 1053, 1015, 988, 872, 836, 778. MALDI-MS (C₃₇H₇F₂NO₁₀SSi): [MNa]⁺ 786.2559 (calcd. 786.2556).

This debenzylated azetidinone (58.9 mg, 0.077 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (2.5 mL, teflon bottle), anhydrous pyridine (0.5 mL) followed by HF.pyridine complex (0.5 mL) were added and the solution was stirred for 14.5 h, diluted with ether (20 mL) and washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (3×5 mL). The organic layer was evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.2×2.0 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ (v/v) to give the desired azetidinone IXb (44.9 mg, 90%) as a white solid.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, acetone-d₆) δ: 7.56 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.43 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.37 (2H, dd, J=5.6, 8.7 Hz), 7.30 (2H, dd, J=4.7, 9.0 Hz), 7.06 (2H, d, J=9.3 Hz), 7.03 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 4.99 (1H, d, J=2.5 Hz), 4.69 (1H, d, J=3.7 Hz), 4.61 (1H, d, J=5.0 Hz), 4.42 (1H, d, J=3.7 Hz), 4.34 (1H, bs), 4.15 (1H, dt, J=1.2, 8.7 Hz), 3.86 (1H, dd, J=1.2, 14.9 Hz), 3.79 (1H, d, J=8.1 Hz), 3.65 (1H, t, J=8.7 Hz), 3.57 (1H, dd, J=10.0, 14.9 Hz), 3.44-3.38 (1H, m), 3.38 (3H, s), 3.32-3.14 (2H, m), 2.08-1.86 (4H, m). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, acetone-d₆) δ: 167.42, 163.87, 160.85, 157.67, 150.13, 142.52, 138.18, 134.93 (C), 128.35, 128.22, 128.13, 123.83, 119.01, 118.89, 116.44, 116.13, 115.40, 115.11 (CH), 100.74, 74.77, 73.56, 73.04, 72.77, 68.01, 61.27, 60.56 (CH), 55.56 (CH₃), 52.83, 37.54, 25.70 (CH₂) IR (cm⁻¹): 3395, 2925, 1732, 1604, 1509, 1365, 1219, 1148, 1103, 1051, 1014, 871, 834, 752. MALDI-MS: [MNa]⁺ 672.1693 (calcd. 672.1691). Anal. Calcd for C₃₁H₃₃F₂NO₁₀S: C, 57.31; H, 5.12; N, 2.16. Found: C, 57.34; H, 5.26; N, 2.21.

c)

LiAlH₄ (57 mg, 1.5 μmmol) and AlCl₃ (200 mg, 1.5 mmol) were suspended in anhydrous ether (15 mL), refluxed for 30 min and cooled to 0° C. The azetidinone IXb obtained under step 5b) (26.8 mg, 0.041 mmol) dissolved in anhydrous THF (1 mL, 2×0.5 mL rinse) was added and after stirring at 0° C. for 10 min, sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (1 mL) was added dropwise. The suspension was evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.7×2.0 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-12% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ (v/v) to give the desired azetidine IX (20.4 mg, 78%) as a colourless oil.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, acetone-d₆) δ: 7.63-7.59 (2H, m), 7.49-7.42 (2H, m), 7.36-7.29 (2H, m), 7.10-7.01 (2H, m), 6.92-6.77 (2H, m), 6.40-6.35 (2H, m), 4.72 (1H, d, J=3.7 Hz), 4.62 (1H, d, J=5.0 Hz), 4.61 (1H, bs), 4.52 (1H, d, J=6.9 Hz), 4.31 (2H, t, J=4.4 Hz), 4.21-4.15 (2H, m), 3.90 (1H, dd, J=1.2, 14.9 Hz), 3.76 (1H, d, J=8.1 Hz), 3.68 (1H, dd, J=3.7, 9.3 Hz), 3.66-3.57 (2H, m), 3.41 (3H, s, OMe), 3.38-3.31 (1H, m), 3.25 (1H, dt, J=5.0, 13.7 Hz), 2.62 (1H, dd, J=6.8, 14.3 Hz), 1.92-1.84 (1H, m), 1.74-1.57 (3H, m). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, acetone-d₆) δ: 163.90, 160.69, 158.31, 155.22, 149.93, 149.72, 149.52, 142.90, 142.84 (C), 129.60, 129.44, 128.30, 128.24, 128.13, 123.51, 122.99, 115.95, 115.91, 115.66, 115.40, 115.11, 113.87, 113.77, 113.67, 113.57 (CH), 100.84, 74.86, 74.03, 73.68, 73.14, 72.87, 68.09 (CH), 56.67 (CH₂), 55.63 (CH₃), 52.83 (CH₂), 42.78 (CH), 37.60, 29.83 (CH₂). IR (cm⁻¹): 3390, 2935, 2850, 1605, 1508, 1474, 1366, 1221, 1147, 1052, 1015, 874, 824, 755. MALDI-MS (C₃₁H₃₅F₂NO₉S): [MH-H₂O]⁺ 618.1968 (calcd. 618.1973); [MH]⁺ 636.2045 (calcd. 636.2079); [MNa]⁺ 658.1901 (calcd. 658.1898).

Example 6

a)

The above sulfonyl chloride Xa was prepared according to the methods described under step 5a) using C-(Hydroxymethyl)-2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (prepared according to RajanBabu, T. V.; Reddy, G. S. J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 5458-5461) as the starting material.

b)

The sulfonyl chloride Xa obtained under step 6a) (871 mg, 1.26 mmol) was suspended in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL), anhydrous pyridine (1.0 mL) followed by the silylated azetidinone phenol VIa obtained in step 2a) (334 mg, 0.634 mmol) were added and the solution was stirred for 13 h, diluted with EtOAc (50 mL) and washed sequentially with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (20 mL) and H₂O (20 mL). The organic layer was evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.3×3.3 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-100% CH₂Cl₂ in hexane (v/v) to give the corresponding glycosylated azetidinone (657 mg, 92%) as a white foam.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.37-7.15 (28H, m), 7.01 (2H, t, J=8.7 Hz), 6.96 (2H, t, J=8.7 Hz), 5.03-4.81 (4H, m), 4.73-4.51 (6H, m), 3.95 (1H, t, J=8.4 Hz), 3.78 (4H, bs), 3.57-3.53 (1H, m), 3.48 (1H, d, J=1.2 Hz), 3.40 (1H, t, J=9.0 Hz), 3.24 (1H, dd, J=9.3, 14.9 Hz), 3.02-2.95 (1H, m), 1.97-1.80 (4H, m), 0.92 (9H, s), 0.06 (3H, s), −0.11 (3H, s). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 166.72, 163.24, 160.35, 160.01, 157.13, 149.25, 140.37, 140.33, 137.90, 137.65, 137.58, 137.12, 136.97, 136.52, 133.52, 133.48 (C), 128.46, 128.32, 128.28, 128.17, 128.02, 127.97, 127.81, 127.76, 127.67, 127.63, 127.52, 127.13, 127.02, 123.32, 118.13, 118.02, 115.90, 115.60, 115.01, 114.72 (CH), 86.83, 79.13, 78.83, 77.73 (CH), 75.56, 75.00, 74.85 (CH₂), 74.19, 73.77 (CH), 73.31 (CH₂), 68.36, 60.57, 60.53 (CH), 51.31, 38.03 (CH₂), 25.85 (CH₃), 24.67 (CH₂), 18.20 (C), −4.57, −4.87 (CH₃). IR (cm⁻¹): 2951, 2929, 2858, 1751, 1605, 1510, 1454, 1386, 1362, 1251, 1220, 1151, 1102, 871, 835, 776, 754, 699. MALDI-MS: [MNa]⁺ 1146.4440 (calcd. 1146.4434). Anal. Calcd for C₆₅H₇₁F₂NO₁₀SiS: C, 69.43; H, 6.36; N, 1.25. Found: C, 69.27; H, 6.47; N, 1.28.

The glycosylated azetidinone obtained above (236 mg, 0.210 mmol) was then dissolved in EtOH/EtOAc (10 mL, 1:1 (v/v)), Pd(OH)₂/C (20% (w/w), 73 mg) was added and the suspension was evacuated 4 times with H₂ and stirred under an H₂-atmosphere for 3.5 h. The suspension was evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.6×2.0 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-20% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ (v/v) to give the debenzylated azetidinone (145 mg, 90%) as a white foam.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, acetone-d₆) δ: 7.55 (2H, dd, J=6.5, 8.7 Hz), 7.47 (2H, d, J=8.4 Hz), 7.40-7.20 (4H, m), 7.11-6.98 (4H, m), 4.97 (1H, dd, J=2.3, 10.5 Hz), 4.83 (1H, bs), 4.61 (1H, bs), 4.48 (1H, bs), 4.30 (1H, bs), 3.90-3.81 (3H, m), 3.71-3.64 (1H, m), 3.56-3.38 (5H, m), 3.25-3.14 (2H, m), 2.66 (1H, t, J=7.2 Hz), 1.98-1.81 (4H, m), 0.88 (9H, s), 0.05 (3H, s), −0.15 (3H, s). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, acetone-d₆) δ: 168.30, 161.88, 158.69, 151.25, 142.96, 139.63, 139.16, 139.13, 135.98 (C), 131.66, 131.56, 129.36, 129.28, 124.92, 120.00, 119.90, 117.46, 117.16, 116.62, 116.52 (CH), 82.13, 80.16, 76.75, 75.44, 74.46, 72.35 (CH), 63.64 (CH₂), 61.60, 61.55 (CH), 54.03, 39.52 (CH₂), 27.20 (CH₃), 26.35 (CH₂), 19.68 (C), −3.44, −3.69 (CH₃). IR (cm⁻¹): 3380, 2930, 2858, 1749, 1604, 1510, 1385, 1363, 1220, 1172, 1149, 1088, 1032, 1016, 872, 835, 757. MALDI-MS: [MNa]⁺ 786.2563 (calcd. 786.2556). Anal. Calcd for C₃₇H₄₇F₂NO₁₀SiS: C, 58.17; H, 6.20; N, 1.83. Found: C, 58.02; H, 6.26; N, 1.85.

The debenzylated azetidinone (31.5 mg, 0.041 mmol) was then dissolved in anhydrous THF (2.5 mL, teflon bottle), anhydrous pyridine (0.5 mL) followed by HF-pyridine complex (0.5 mL) were added and the solution was stirred for 24 h, diluted with ether (20 mL) and washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (3×5 mL). The organic layer was evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.3×2.0 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-20% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ (v/v) to give the desired azetidinone X (9.8 mg, 37%) as a white solid.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, acetone-d₆) δ: 7.55 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.47 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.36 (2H, dd, J=5.6, 8.7 Hz), 7.29 (2H, dd, J=4.8, 9.2 Hz), 7.06 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.03 (2H, d, J=9.0 Hz), 4.98 (1H, d, J=2.5 Hz), 4.68 (1H, bs), 4.58 (1H, bs), 4.38 (1H, bs), 4.27 (1H, bs), 3.89-3.80 (3H, m), 3.66 (1H, d, J=10.6 Hz), 3.54-3.36 (5H, m), 3.24-3.14 (2H, m), 2.00-1.86 (4H, m). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, acetone-d₆) δ: 168.48, 151.29, 143.63, 139.23, 136.09 (C), 129.37, 129.29, 129.19, 124.97, 120.05, 119.94, 117.49, 117.18, 116.46, 116.18 (CH), 82.17, 80.18, 76.78, 74.49, 73.79, 72.42 (CH), 63.67 (CH₂), 62.35, 61.63 (CH), 54.06, 38.62, 26.75 (CH₂). IR (cm⁻¹): 3364, 2924, 1734, 1509, 1388, 1220, 1148, 1102, 872, 835, 769. MALDI-MS (C₃:H₃₃F₂NO₁₀S): [MNa]⁺ 672.1744 (calcd. 672.1691).

Example 7

LiAlH₄ (57 mg, 1.5 mmol) and AlCl₃ (200 mg, 1.5 mmol) were suspended in anhydrous ether (15 mL), refluxed for 30 min and cooled to 0° C. The azetidinone X obtained in Example 6 (41.3 mg, 0.054 mmol) dissolved in anhydrous ether (5 mL) was added and after stirring at 0° C. for 10 min, sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (1 mL) was added dropwise. The suspension was evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.2×2.0 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-20% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ (v/v) to give the corresponding azetidine (38.2 mg, 94%) as a white foam.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, acetone-d₆) δ: 7.58 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.47 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.29 (2H, dd, J=5.6, 8.7 Hz), 7.05 (2H, t, J=8.7 Hz), 6.88 (2H, t, J=9.0 Hz), 6.37 (2H, dd, J=4.7, 9.0 Hz), 4.71 (1H, t, J=5.5 Hz), 4.61 (1H; d, J=5.0 Hz), 4.49 (2H, d, J=6.8 Hz), 4.30 (1H, bs), 4.17 (1H, t, J=7.2 Hz), 3.92-3.83 (3H, m), 3.74-3.66 (1H, m), 3.57-3.40 (5H, m), 3.32-3.15 (2H, m), 2.63-2.56 (1H, m), 1.82-1.56 (4H, m), 0.87 (9H, s), 0.04 (3H, s), −0.17 (3H, s). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, acetone-d₆) δ: 164.97, 161.76, 159.31, 156.21, 150.76, 150.47, 150.45, 143.77, 143.11, 143.07 (C), 129.35, 129.22, 124.60, 116.95, 116.65, 116.48, 116.19, 114.86, 114.75 (CH), 82.15, 80.21, 76.81, 75.43, 74.99, 74.52, 72.41 (CH), 63.70, 57.54, 53.95 (CH₂), 43.62 (CH), 39.47, 31.22 (CH₂), 27.20 (CH₃), 19.70 (C), −3.40, −3.68 (CH₃). IR (cm⁻¹): 3377, 2930, 2856, 1605, 1508, 1472, 1361, 1252, 1222, 1147, 1090, 1015, 871, 836, 776, 760. MALDI-MS (C₃₇H₄₉F₂NO₉SSi): [MNa]⁺ 772.2767 (calcd. 772.2763).

The azetidine obtained above (34.3 mg, 0.046 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (2.5 mL, teflon bottle), anhydrous pyridine (0.5 mL) followed by HF-pyridine complex (0.5 mL) were added and the solution was stirred for 14 h, diluted with ether (20 mL) and washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (3×5 mL). The organic layer was evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.9×2.0 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-18% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ (v/v) to give the desired azetidine XI (20.2 mg, 69%) as a colourless oil.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, acetone-d₆) δ: 7.61 (2H, d, J=8.1 Hz), 7.48 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.30 (2H, dd, J=5.6, 8.7 Hz), 7.04 (2H, t, J=8.7 Hz), 6.89 (2H, m), 6.38 (2H, dd, J=4.4, 8.7 Hz), 4.60 (2H, d, J=4.4 Hz), 4.52 (1H, d, J=6.8 Hz), 4.45 (1H, d, J=2.5 Hz), 4.29 (2H, d, J=4.4 Hz), 4.19 (1H, t, J=6.8 Hz), 4.03-3.83 (3H, m), 3.80-3.67 (1H, m), 3.60-3.31 (6H, m), 3.25 (1H, p, J=4.4 Hz), 2.62 (1H, dd, J=7.5, 14.3 Hz), 1.92-1.82 (1H, m), 1.78-1.61 (3H, m). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, acetone-d₆) δ: 164.04, 155.14, 149.92, 149.71, 149.47, 142.77, 129.48 (C), 128.19, 128.16, 128.05, 123.52, 123.03, 115.87, 115.58, 115.39, 115.32, 115.05, 113.78, 113.69, 113.61, 113.51 (CH), 81.09, 79.15, 75.76, 73.98, 73.46, 72.75, 71.36 (CH), 62.63, 56.60, 52.88 (CH₂), 42.68 (CH), 37.52, 29.61 (CH₂). IR (cm⁻¹): 3370, 2933, 1605, 1508, 1474, 1360, 1220, 1146, 1087, 1015, 873, 823, 771. MALDI-MS (C₃₁H₃₅F₂NO₉S): [MH-H₂O]⁺ 618.1973 (calcd. 618.1973); [M]⁺ 635.1996 (calcd. 635.2001); [MNa]⁺ 658.1900 (calcd. 658.1898).

Example 8

a)

Ezetimibe (commercially obtained or synthesized according to Wu, G. Z. et al., J. Org. Chem. 1999; 279 mg, 0.681 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (5 mL), imidazole (262 mg, 3.84 mmol) and TBDMSCl (500 mg, 3.32 mmol) were added sequentially and the solution was stirred for 5 h followed by addition of 50% sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (50 mL). After extraction with EtOAc (4×20 mL), the combined organic layer was washed successively with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (20 mL) and H₂O (20 mL), evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (3.8×3.3 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-10% EtOAc in hexane (v/v) to give the fully silylated azetidinone XIIa (424 mg, 97%) as a colourless oil.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.25-7.21 (4H, m), 7.17 (2H, d, J=8.1 Hz), 6.98 (2H, t, J=8.7 Hz), 6.91 (2H, t, J=8.7 Hz), 6.83 (2H, d, J=8.1 Hz), 4.66 (1H, t, J=5.6 Hz), 4.51 (1H, d, J=2.5 Hz), 3.08-3.02 (1H, m), 1.96-1.78 (4H, m), 0.98 (9H, s), 0.88 (9H, s), 0.20 (6H, s), 0.02 (3H, s), −0.16 (3H, s). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 167.27, 163.28, 160.27, 160.04, 157.06, 155.71, 140.58, 140.54, 133.89, 133.86 (C), 129.99, 127.22, 127.11, 126.94, 120.56, 118.24, 118.15, 115.74, 115.44, 114.99, 114.72 (CH), 73.84, 61.08, 60.44 (CH), 38.08 (CH₂), 25.90, 25.68 (CH₃), 24.75 (CH₂), 18.26, 18.24 (C), −4.28, −4.52, −4.83 (CH₃). IR (cm⁻¹): 2954, 2930, 2858, 1752, 1607, 1510, 1385, 1259, 1223, 1101, 1085, 914, 834, 778. MALDI-MS: [MH-TBDMSOH]⁺ 506.2329 (calcd. 506.2327); [MH]⁺ 638.3289 (calcd. 638.3297); [MNa]⁺ 660.3117 (calcd. 660.3117). Anal. Calcd for C₃₆H₄₉F₂NO₃Si₂: C, 67.78; H, 7.74; N, 2.20. Found: C, 67.70; H, 7.60; N, 2.02.

LiAlH₄ (57 mg, 1.5 mmol) and AlCl₃ (200 mg, 1.5 mmol) were suspended in anhydrous ether (15 mL), refluxed for 40 min and cooled to 0° C. The fully silylated azetidinone XIIa obtained under step 8a) (180.8 mg, 0.283 mmol) dissolved in anhydrous ether (5 mL) was added and after stirring at 0° C. for 30 min, H₂O (1 mL) was added dropwise. The suspension was evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (3.5×3.3 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-50% CH₂Cl₂ in hexane (v/v) to give the desired bicyclic amine XIIb (110.8 mg, 63%) as a colourless oil.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.18-7.14 (2H, m), 6.95 (2H, t, J=8.7 Hz), 6.88 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 6.74 (2H, d, J=8.1 Hz), 6.68 (1H, dd, J=2.8, 8.4 Hz), 6.44 (1H, dd, J=6.5, 8.7 Hz), 6.38 (1H, dd, J=2.8, 9.6 Hz), 4.48 (1H, dd, J=5.0, 6.8 Hz), 3.78 (1H, bs), 3.61 (1H, d, J=7.5 Hz), 3.26 (1H, dd, J=3.1, 11.2 Hz), 2.91 (1H, dd, J=7.8, 11.5 Hz), 1.91-1.85 (1H, m), 1.68-1.44 (3H, m), 1.16-1.04 (1H, m), 0.99 (9H, s), 0.80 (9H, s), 0.20 (6H, s), 0.06 (3H, s), −0.21 (3H, s). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 163.60, 160.36, 157.37, 154.27, 141.53, 141.01, 138.13 (C), 130.07, 127.56, 127.46, 125.58, 125.50, 120.01, 117.27, 116.98, 115.17, 114.89, 114.78, 114.08, 113.79 (CH), 74.64, 48.97 (CH), 44.52 (CH₂), 39.89 (CH), 38.67, 28.28 (CH₂), 26.00, 25.90 (CH₃), 18.38, 18.32 (C), −4.16, −4.43, −4.77 (CH₃). IR (cm⁻¹): 2955, 2930, 2858, 1607, 1506, 1472, 1408, 1361, 1258, 1222, 1170, 1144, 1085, 1006, 915, 837, 808, 779, 735, 667. MALDI-MS (C₃₆H₅₁F₂NO₂Si₂): [MH-TBDMSOH]⁺ 492.2517 (calcd. 492.2534); [M]⁺ 623.3414 (calcd. 623.3426). Anal. Calcd for C₃₆H₅₁F₂NO₂Si₂: C, 69.30; H, 8.24; N, 2.24. Found: C, 69.47; H, 8.32; N, 2.15.

c)

The bicyclic amine XIIb obtained under step 8b) (39.8 mg, 0.064 mmol) was dissolved in THF (5 mL), TBAF (0.5 mL, 1M in THF) was added and the solution was stirred for 21 h, evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (3.7×2.0 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-100% EtOAc in hexane (v/v) to give the desired amine XII (27.7 mg, quant.) as a yellowish solid.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.19-7.15 (2H, m), 6.97 (2H, t, J=8.7 Hz), 6.87 (2H, d, J=8.4 Hz), 6.74-6.66 (3H, m), 6.46 (1H, dd, J=5.0, 8.7 Hz), 6.38 (1H, dd, J=2.2, 9.0 Hz), 5.54 (1H, bs), 4.52 (1H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 3.61 (1H, d, J=7.2 Hz), 3.26 (1H, dd, J=3.4, 11.5 Hz), 2.90 (1H, dd, J=7.5, 11.5 Hz), 1.95-1.86 (1H, m), 1.78-1.68 (2H, m), 1.52-1.41 (1H, m), 1.19-1.06 (1H, m). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 163.55, 160.30, 157.10, 154.25, 154.00, 140.44, 139.95, 139.90, 137.07 (C), 129.90, 127.46, 127.36, 125.24, 116.99, 116.70, 115.28, 115.26, 115.21, 115.15, 115.00, 114.95, 114.84, 113.91, 113.61 (CH), 73.94, 48.53 (CH), 43.98 (CH₂), 39.73 (CH), 36.43, 27.95 (CH₂). IR (cm⁻¹): 3335, 2925, 2853, 1607, 1511, 1223, 913, 836, 744. MALDI-MS (C₂₄H₂₃F₂NO₂) [MH-H₂O]⁺ 378.1661 (calcd. 378.1670); [M]⁺ 395.1689 (calcd. 395.1670)

Example 9

The bicyclic amine XIIb obtained in step 8b) (503 mg, 0.806 mmol) was dissolved in THF (15 mL) at 0° C., TBAF (1.5 mL, 1M in THF) was added and the solution was stirred at 0° C. for 1.5 h, diluted with EtOAc (50 mL) and washed successively with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (20 mL) and H₂O (20 mL). The organic layer was evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (3.4×3.3 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-30% EtOAc in hexane (v/v) to give the corresponding phenol (344.2 mg, 84%) as a light yellow foam.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.16 (2H, dd, J=5.6, 8.1 Hz), 6.95 (2H, t, J=8.7 Hz), 6.90 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 6.72 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 6.72-6.67 (1H, m), 6.48 (1H, dd, J=4.4, 8.7 Hz), 6.39 (1H, dd, J=2.7, 9.6 Hz), 4.49 (1H, dd, J=5.6, 6.8 Hz), 4.40 (1H, bs), 3.61 (1H, d, J=7.5 Hz), 3.28 (1H, dd, J=2.7, 11.2 Hz), 2.92 (1H, dd, J=8.1, 11.2 Hz), 1.93-1.87 (1H, m), 1.73-1.47 (3H, m), 1.20-1.15 (1H, m), 0.81 (9H, s), 0.06 (3H, s), −0.20 (3H, s). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 163.16, 159.93, 157.15, 154.03, 141.13, 141.09, 140.43, 140.40, 137.05 (C), 129.95, 127.21, 127.11, 125.69, 125.62, 116.92, 116.62, 115.23, 114.98, 114.87, 114.83, 114.55, 113.83, 113.53 (CH), 74.36, 48.77 (CH), 44.49 (CH₂), 39.78 (CH), 38.46, 28.07 (CH₂), 25.81 (CH₃), 18.17 (C), −4.52, −4.90 (CH₃). IR (cm⁻¹): 3338, 2954, 2929, 2857, 1606, 1508, 1475, 1462, 1361, 1251, 1221, 1084, 836, 775, 760. MALDI-MS (C₃₀H₃₇F₂NO₂Si): [MH-TBDMSOH]⁺ 378.1657 (calcd. 378.1670); [M]⁺ 509.2553 (calcd. 509.2562).

The phenol obtained above (79 mg, 0.15 mmol) and 2,3,6-tri-O-acetyl-4-O-(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranosyl 1-(2,2,2-trichloroacetimidate) (prepared according to Buijsman, R. C. et al., Bioorg. Med. Chem. 1999, 7, 1881-1890; 267 mg, 0.34 mmol) were then dissolved in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL) at −25° C. and BF₃.OEt₂ in CH₂Cl₂ (1:9 (v/v), 0.10 mL, 0.08 mmol) was added. After stirring for 2.5 h at −25 to −20° C., additional BF₃.OEt₂ (0.05 mL, 0.39 mmol) was added and after additional 1 h at −25 to −20° C., sat. aq. NH₄Cl (10 mL) and EtOAc (10 mL) were added. The layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (3×10 mL). The combined organic layer was washed successively with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (10 mL) and H₂O (10 mL), evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.5×2.0 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-70% EtOAc in hexane (v/v) to give the glycosylated amine (169 mg, 97%) as a white foam.

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.12 (2H, dd, J=5.6, 8.7 Hz), 6.94-6.84 (6H, m), 6.66 (1H, dt, J=2.5, 8.1 Hz), 6.42 (1H, dd, J=4.4, 8.7 Hz), 6.29 (1H, dd, J=2.7, 9.6 Hz), 5.29-4.90 (6H, m), 4.54-4.43 (3H, m), 4.37 (1H, dd, J=4.4, 12.5 Hz), 4.16-4.02 (2H, m), 3.86 (1H, t, J=9.0 Hz), 3.77-3.64 (2H, m), 3.60 (1H, d, J=7.5 Hz), 3.23 (1H, dd, J=2.7, 11.5 Hz), 2.88 (1H, dd, J=8.1, 11.2 Hz), 2.07-1.96 (21H, m), 1.87-1.75 (1H, m), 1.70-1.38 (3H, m), 1.13-0.97 (1H, m), 0.76 (9H, s), −0.10 (3H, s), −0.25 (3H, s). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 170.38, 170.09, 169.67, 169.47, 169.20, 168.96, 163.25, 160.01, 156.95, 155.27, 153.85, 141.10, 140.73, 140.10 (C), 129.91, 127.21, 127.11, 124.80, 116.68, 114.83, 114.56, 113.62 (CH), 100.71, 98.80, 76.33, 74.20, 72.81, 72.69, 72.42, 71.89, 71.48, 71.27, 67.63 (CH), 61.84, 61.42 (CH₂), 48.71 (CH), 44.19 (CH₂), 39.61 (CH), 38.27, 27.85 (CH₂), 25.64, 20.67, 20.58, 20.43 (CH₃), 17.96 (C), −4.76, −5.14 (CH₃). IR (cm⁻¹): 2955, 2858, 1756, 1506, 1368, 1223, 1049, 837, 770. MALDI-MS (C₅₆H₇₁F₂NO₁₉Si): [MNa]⁺ 1150.4235 (calcd. 1150.4255).

The glycosylated amine obtained above (370 mg, 0.328 mmol) was then dissolved in THF (10 mL), TBAF (1.0 mL, 1M in THF) was added and the solution was stirred for 27 h, diluted with EtOAc (40 mL) and washed successively with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (15 mL) and H₂O (15 mL). The organic layer was evaporated and the crude intermediate [MALDI-MS (C₅₀H₅₇F₂NO₁₉): [MNa]⁺ 1036.3394 (calcd. 1036.3391)] was dissolved in MeOH/Et₃N/THF (12 mL, 1:1:2 (v/v/v)), H₂O (10.5 mL) was added dropwise and the solution was stirred for 18 h. sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (1 mL) was added dropwise and the suspension was evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.0×3.3 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-25% MeOH in EtOAc (v/v) to give the desired bicyclic amine XIII (80.5 mg, 34%) as a white solid after coevaporation with hexane (20 mL).

¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ: 7.20 (2H, dd, J=5.6, 8.7 Hz), 7.02-6.93 (6H, m), 6.65 (1H, dt, J=2.5, 8.7 Hz), 6.54 (1H, dd, J=5.0, 8.7 Hz), 6.23 (1H, dd, J=2.5, 10.0 Hz), 4.94 (1H, d, J=7.5 Hz), 4.47-4.43 (2H, m), 3.92 (2H, bs), 3.90 (1H, d, J=10.6 Hz), 3.72-3.52 (6H, m), 3.43-3.22 (5H, m), 2.86 (1H, dd, J=8.1, 11.8 Hz), 1.96-1.84 (1H, m), 1.80-1.68 (2H, m), 1.50-1.35 (1H, m), 1.17-1.03 (1H, m). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CD₃OD) δ: 164.71, 161.49, 157.30, 155.12, 142.58, 141.98, 141.95, 140.78 (C), 130.89, 128.83, 128.72, 126.64, 126.56, 117.52, 117.36, 117.09, 115.86, 115.57 (CH), 104.44, 101.98, 80.21, 78.01, 77.76, 76.49, 76.22, 74.83, 74.58, 74.41, 71.29 (CH), 62.39, 61.63 (CH₂), 50.00 (CH), 45.09 (CH₂), 40.95 (CH), 37.38, 29.09 (CH₂). MALDI-MS (C₃₆H₄₃F₂NO₁₂): [MNa]⁺ 742.2654 (calcd. 742.2651).

Example 10

The silylated azetidinone phenol VIa obtained in step 2a) (104.0 mg, 0.199 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL), anhydrous pyridine (0.5 mL) followed by PhSO₂Cl (0.10 mL, 0.78 mmol) were added and the solution was stirred for 19 h. Additional PhSO₂Cl (0.10 mL, 0.78 mmol) was added and the solution was stirred for further 69 h, diluted with EtOAc (50 mL) and washed sequentially with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (20 mL) and H₂O (20 mL). The organic layer was evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.2×3.3 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-100% CH₂Cl₂ in hexane (v/v) followed by 0.5-1.0% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ (v/v) to give the corresponding benzene sulfonate (92.0 mg, 70%) as a colourless oil.

R_(f) (1% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ (v/v)) 0.72; ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.83 (2H, d, J=7.5 Hz), 7.66 (1H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 7.51 (2H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 7.25-7.14 (6H, m), 7.00 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 6.97 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 6.91 (2H, t, J=8.7 Hz), 4.66 (1H, dd, J=4.4, 6.2 Hz), 4.55 (1H, d, J=1.9 Hz), 3.02-2.96 (1H, m), 1.94-1.75 (4H, m), 0.87 (9H, s), 0.00 (3H, s), −0.16 (3H, s). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 166.82, 163.44, 160.51, 157.29, 149.35, 140.54 (C), 136.77 (CH), 135.26, 134.32, 133.56, 129.13 (C), 128.31, 127.27, 127.17, 127.08, 123.15, 118.23, 118.12, 115.93, 115.63, 115.09, 114.82, 73.76, 60.53, 60.40 (CH), 37.92 (CH₂), 25.75 (CH₃), 24.59 (CH₂), 18.10 (C), −4.71, −5.03 (CH₃). IR (cm⁻¹): 2953, 2930, 2857, 1752, 1605, 1510, 1450, 1382, 1252, 1221, 1202, 1181, 1155, 1093, 1016, 868, 835, 776, 753, 700, 687. MALDI-MS (C₃₆H₃₉F₂NO₅SSi): [MH-TBDMSOH]⁺ 532.1395 (calcd. 532.1394); [MNa]⁺ 686.2185 (calcd. 686.2184).

This benzene sulfonate (90.0 mg, 0.136 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (2.5 mL, teflon bottle) at 0° C., anhydrous pyridine (0.5 mL) followed by HF-pyridine complex (0.5 mL) were added and the solution allowed slowly to warm to room temperature. After 14 h, the mixture was diluted with ether (20 mL) and washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (3×5 mL). The organic layer was evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (5.0×2.0 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-100% CH₂Cl₂ in hexane (v/v) followed by 1-7% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ (v/v) to give β-lactam XIV (69.2 mg, 93%) as a white foam.

R_(f) (3% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ (v/v)) 0.33; ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.82 (2H, dd, J=1.2, 7.5 Hz), 7.67 (1H, tt, J=1.2, 7.5 Hz), 7.51 (2H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 7.29-7.22 (4H, m), 7.15 (2H, dd, J=4.4, 8.7 Hz), 6.99 (2H, t, J=8.7 Hz), 6.98 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 6.92 (2H, t, J=8.7 Hz), 4.68 (1H, dd, J=5.6, 6.2 Hz), 4.60 (1H, d, J=1.9 Hz), 3.06-2.98 (1H, m), 2.55 (1H, bs), 2.04-1.84 (4H, m). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 166.87, 163.56, 160.44, 160.31, 157.22, 149.23, 139.84, 139.79 (C), 136.46 (CH), 135.10, 134.26, 133.37 (C), 129.07, 128.22, 127.26, 127.16, 127.02, 123.07, 118.21, 118.11, 115.93, 115.62, 115.36, 115.07, 72.98, 60.50, 60.32 (CH), 36.54, 25.09 (CH₂). IR (cm⁻¹): 3440, 3069, 3017, 2927, 2862, 1747, 1604, 1510, 1450, 1426, 1378, 1221, 1201, 1180, 1154, 1094, 1016, 868, 835, 753, 700, 687, 668. MALDI-MS (C₃₀H₂₅F₂NO₅S): [MH-H₂O]⁺ 532.1388 (calcd. 532.1394); [MNa]⁺ 572.1302 (calcd. 572.1319).

Example 11

LiAlH₄ (57 mg, 1.5 mmol) and AlCl₃ (202 mg, 1.5 mmol) were suspended in anhydrous ether (15 mL), refluxed for 30 min and cooled to 0° C. β-Lactam XIV obtained in example 10 (62.8 mg, 0.114 mmol) dissolved in anhydrous ether (5 mL) was added and after stirring at 0° C. for 20 min, sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (1 mL) was added dropwise. The suspension was evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.8×2.0 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-50% EtOAc in hexane (v/v) to give azetidine XV (24.5 mg, 40%) as a white foam.

R_(f) (1:1 EtOAc/hexane (v/v)) 0.46; ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.88-7.82 (2H, m), 7.70-7.63 (1H, m), 7.55-7.47 (2H, m), 7.38-7.30 (2H, m), 7.24-7.19 (2H, m), 7.05-6.98 (4H, m), 6.83 (2H, t, J=8.7 Hz), 6.26 (2H, dd, J=4.4, 9.3 Hz), 4.56 (1H, dd, J=5.0, 7.5 Hz), 4.36 (1H, d, J=6.8 Hz), 4.09 (1H, dd, J=6.8, 7.5 Hz), 3.27 (1H, dd, J=6.8, 7.5 Hz), 2.79 (1H, d, J=5.6 Hz), 2.52 (1H, dd, J=6.8, 7.5 Hz), 1.89-1.52 (4H, m). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 163.65, 160.40, 157.73, 154.61, 148.65, 148.07, 141.59, 139.94, 135.36 (C), 134.11, 129.24, 129.03, 128.30, 127.28, 127.17, 122.54, 115.45, 115.15, 112.99, 112.90, 73.47, 73.32 (CH), 55.89 (CH₂), 41.74 (CH), 36.30, 29.93 (CH₂). IR (cm⁻¹): 3411, 2937, 2853, 1604, 1508, 1474, 1450, 1374, 1221, 1198, 1175, 1151, 1093, 1016, 867, 823, 752, 700, 686. MALDI-MS (C₃₀H₂₇F₂NO₄S): [MH-H₂O]⁺ 518.1596 (calcd. 518.1601); [M]⁺ 535.1619 (calcd. 535.1629); [MNa]⁺ 558.1512 (calcd. 558.1527).

Example 12

The silylated azetidinone phenol VIa obtained in step 2a) (105 mg, 0.201 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), anhydrous pyridine (0.5 mL, 5.0 mmol) and 3-carboxy-4-hydroxybenzene sulfonyl chloride (prepared according to Stewart, J. J. Chem. Soc. 1922, 121, 2555-2561; 223 mg, 0.94 mmol) were added sequentially and the suspension was stirred at room temperature for 63 h. The mixture was evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.7×2.0 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-15% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ (v/v) to give the corresponding silylated sulfonate (76.2 mg, 53%) as a colourless oil.

R_(f) (20% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ (v/v)) 0.68; ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CD₃CN) δ: 10.36 (1H, bs), 8.31 (1H, bs), 7.69 (1H, bs), 7.31-7.13 (8H, m), 7.00 (2H, t, J=7.5 Hz), 6.89 (2H, t, J=8.1 Hz), 6.57 (1H, bs), 4.72 (1H, bs), 4.65 (1H, bs), 3.12 (1H, bs), 2.98 (1H, bs), 1.88-1.72 (4H, m), 0.84 (9H, s), 0.01 (3H, s), −0.18 (3H, s). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CD₃CN) δ: 168.91, 167.92, 163.57, 160.97, 157.89, 150.74, 142.17, 142.14, 137.17, 134.89 (C), 128.57, 128.45, 128.16, 123.34, 119.23, 119.17, 118.18, 116.68, 116.38, 115.71, 115.43, 74.39, 61.14, 60.64 (CH), 38.40 (CH₂), 26.12 (CH₃), 25.10 (CH₂), 18.65 (C), −4.53, −4.69 (CH₃). IR (cm⁻¹): 3450, 2954, 2930, 2858, 1751, 1696, 1606, 1585, 1510, 1478, 1386, 1339, 1293, 1220, 1194, 1126, 1103, 1087, 1063, 1042, 835, 777, 758. MALDI-MS (C₃₇H₃₉F₂NO₈SSi): [M-H+2Na]⁺ 768.1851 (calcd. 768.1851).

This silylated sulfonate (74.2 mg, 62.5 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (2.5 mL, teflon bottle) at 0° C., anhydrous pyridine (0.5 mL) followed by HF-pyridine complex (0.5 mL) were added and the solution allowed slowly to warm to room temperature. After 15 h, sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (15 mL) was added and the suspension was evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.4×2.0 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-25% MeOH in EtOAc (v/v) to give sulfonate XVI (43.6 mg, 70%) as a white solid.

R_(f) (1:3 MeOH/EtOAc (v/v)) 0.44; ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ: 8.53 (1H, d, J=1.9 Hz), 7.99 (1H, dd, J=2.5, 8.7 Hz), 7.48 (1H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.35-7.28 (6H, m), 7.07-6.97 (5H, m), 4.93 (1H, d, J=2.5 Hz), 4.62 (1H, dd, J=5.0, 6.2 Hz), 3.17-3.08 (1H, m), 1.97-1.84 (4H, m). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CD₃OD) δ: 169.19, 164.04, 151.43, 142.04, 142.01, 138.00 (C), 137.35 (CH), 134.92 (C), 129.46, 128.72, 128.62, 128.44, 123.54, 119.86, 119.76, 118.63, 116.82, 116.51, 115.98, 115.68 (CH), 112.37 (C), 73.73, 61.65, 61.39 (CH), 37.49, 26.18 (CH₂). MALDI-MS (C₃₁H₂₅F₂NO₈S): [M-H+2Na]⁺ 654.1000 (calcd. 654.0986).

Example 13

a)

The silylated azetidinone phenol VIa obtained in step 2a) (80.3 mg, 0.153 μmmol) and alcohol XVIIa (prepared according to Spak, S. J.; Martin, O. R. Tetrahedron 2000, 56, 217-224; 101.5 mg, 0.103 mmol) were dissolved in anhydrous THF (10 mL) at 0° C., Bu₃P (50 mg, 0.20 mmol) and 1,1′-(azodicarbonyl)dipiperidine (39.5 mg, 0.17 mmol) were added sequentially and the suspension was allowed to warm to ambient temperature over several hours. After stirring at room temperature for 26 h, EtOAc/hexane (1:4 (v/v), 30 mL) was added and the suspension was filtered through celite (2×10 mL EtOAc/hexane (1:4 (v/v)) washings). The filtrate was evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.5×2.0 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-25% EtOAc in hexane (v/v) to give a 1:1 mixture of the corresponding C-glycoside and unreacted phenol VIa (49.7 mg) as a white foam.

R_(f) (1:1 EtOAc/hexane (v/v)) 0.64; ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 167.39, 163.27, 160.31, 158.82, 157.09, 140.54, 140.49, 139.05, 138.37, 138.29, 138.19, 137.85, 133.78, 133.73, 129.40, 128.96, 128.23, 128.12, 128.04, 127.94, 127.86, 127.73, 127.63, 127.57, 127.49, 127.41, 127.20, 127.10, 126.87, 118.30, 118.19, 116.01, 115.78, 115.49, 115.30, 114.99, 114.71, 102.41, 85.35, 84.84, 82.70, 79.29, 78.01, 77.82, 77.19, 75.64, 75.25, 75.10, 75.02, 74.96, 74.81, 73.84, 73.26, 68.99, 68.15, 67.49, 61.07, 60.44, 38.09, 25.90, 24.72, 18.25, −4.53, −4.83. MALDI-MS (C₉₂H₉₉F₂NO₁₃Si): [MNa]⁺ 1514.6763 (calcd. 1514.6751).

This mixture of the C-glycoside and phenol VIa (49.7 mg) was dissolved in EtOH/EtOAc (10 mL, 1:1 (v/v)), Pd(OH)₂/C (20% (w/w), 31 mg) was added and the suspension was evacuated 4 times with H₂ and stirred under an H₂-atmosphere for 3 h. The suspension was evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.6×2.0 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-20% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ (v/v) to give the corresponding debenzylated C-glycoside (18.7 mg, 21% from VIa) as a colourless oil.

R_(f) (20% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ (v/v)) 0.44; ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ: 7.31-7.23 (6H, m), 7.04-6.94 (6H, m), 4.71 (1H, d, J=1.9 Hz), 4.41 (1H, d, J=7.5 Hz), 4.12 (1H, dd, J=5.3, 10.9 Hz), 3.91-3.81 (3H, m), 3.66 (1H, d, J=5.6, 11.8 Hz), 3.57-3.47 (3H, m), 3.40-3.20 (7H, m), 3.07 (1H, t, J=5.9 Hz), 1.92-1.78 (4H, m), 0.87 (9H, s), 0.02 (3H, s), −0.18 (3H, s). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CD₃OD) δ: 169.71, 160.66, 145.96, 142.43, 131.16, 131.05, 128.89, 128.80, 128.62, 120.00, 119.89, 116.83, 116.54, 116.41, 116.02, 115.74, 115.58, 104.65, 80.78, 80.43, 79.64, 78.16, 77.90, 75.13, 74.99, 71.43, 62.50, 62.08, 61.29, 38.96, 26.38, 25.75, 19.06, −4.40. MALDI-MS (C₄₃H₅₇F₂NO₁₃Si): [MNa]⁺ 884.3668 (calcd. 884.3465).

This debenzylated C-glycoside (18.3 mg, 0.021 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (2.5 mL, teflon bottle) at 0° C., anhydrous pyridine (0.50 mL) followed by HF-pyridine complex (0.50 mL) were added and the solution was stirred for 17 h. NaHCO₃ (s) was added and the suspension was evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.6×2.0 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-20% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ (v/v) to give the desired C-glycoside XVII (10.3 mg, 65%) as a white solid.

R_(f) (20% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ (v/v)) 0.31; ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ: 7.33-7.24 (6H, m), 7.05-6.94 (6H, m), 4.78 (1H, d, J=1.9 Hz), 4.60 (1H, t, J=4.4 Hz), 4.41 (1H, d, J=7.5 Hz), 4.30 (1H, d, J=10.0 Hz), 4.12 (1H, dd, J=5.0, 10.6 Hz), 3.91-3.84 (3H, m), 3.66 (1H, d, J=5.6, 11.8 Hz), 3.57-3.49 (3H, m), 3.40-3.20 (6H, m), 3.10-3.06 (1H, m), 1.97-1.82 (4H, m). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CD₃OD) δ: 169.52, 164.87, 160.42, 142.07, 133.18 (C), 131.03, 130.87, 128.68, 128.59, 128.47, 123.36, 119.86, 119.74, 116.69, 116.38, 116.25, 116.22, 115.96, 115.88, 115.68, 104.54, 80.71, 80.36, 79.58, 78.11, 77.85, 74.94, 73.70, 71.38 (CH), 69.02, 62.47 (CH₂), 62.09 (CH₂+CH), 61.20 (CH), 37.54, 26.18 (CH₂). MALDI-MS (C₃₇H₄₃F₂NO₁₃): [MNa]⁺ 770.2589 (calcd. 770.2600).

Example 14

a)

Alcohol XVIIa (prepared according to Spak, S. J.; Martin, O. R. Tetrahedron 2000, 56, 217-224; 895.3 mg, 0.907 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL), anhydrous pyridine (1.0 mL) followed by MsCl (0.20 mL, 2.6 mmol) were added and after stirring for 1 h, sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (40 mL) was added. The layers were separated and the aqueous layer extracted with EtOAc (3×20 mL). The combined organic layer was washed successively with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (20 mL) and H₂O (20 mL), evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.2×3.3 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-50% EtOAc in hexane (v/v) to give the corresponding mesylate (830.7 mg, 86%) as a white solid.

R_(f) (1:1 EtOAc/hexane (v/v)) 0.67; ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.49-7.24 (35H, m), 5.31 (1H, d, J=11.2 Hz), 5.00 (1H, d, J=11.2 Hz), 4.98-4.79 (6H, m), 4.66-4.36 (9H, m), 4.09 (1H, t, J=9.3 Hz), 3.90 (1H, dd, J=2.8, 10.9 Hz), 3.83 (1H, d, J=10.0 Hz), 3.75-3.62 (5H, m), 3.55-3.39 (5H, m), 2.97 (3H, s). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 138.97, 138.37, 138.21, 138.04, 137.61 (C), 128.37, 128.29, 128.18, 128.08, 127.93, 127.84, 127.76, 127.38, 127.34, 127.24, 102.51, 84.86, 82.64, 78.70, 77.94, 76.84, 76.53, 76.38, 75.57 (CH), 75.22, 75.09 (CH₂), 74.96, 74.78 (CH₂, CH), 73.21, 73.02, 69.22, 68.89, 67.76 (CH₂), 37.74 (CH₃). IR (cm⁻¹): 3063, 3030, 2867, 1497, 1454, 1358, 1277, 1209, 1174, 1150, 1092, 1071, 1028, 984, 922, 812, 737, 698, 527. MALDI-MS (C₆₃H₆₈O₁₃S): [MNa]⁺ 1087.4284 (calcd. 1087.4278). Anal. Calcd for C₆₃H₆₈O₁₃S: C, 71.03; H, 6.43. Found: C, 70.94; H, 6.62.

Subsequently, this mesylate (825 mg, 0.774 mmol) was dissolved in EtOH (20 mL), KOSCMe (278 mg, 2.43 mmol), iPrOH (10 mL) and THF (10 mL) were added and the orange solution was stirred at reflux for 3 h (orange precipitate). Additional KOSCMe (512 mg, 4.48 mmol) was added and the suspension was stirred at reflux for 16 h. After cooling, 50% sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (100 mL) was added and the suspension was extracted with ether (4×30 mL). The combined organic layer was washed successively with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (50 mL) and H₂O (50 mL), evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.2×3.3 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-50% EtOAc in hexane (v/v) to give the corresponding thioacetate (637 mg, 79%) as a light orange solid.

R_(f) (1:3 EtOAc/hexane (v/v)) 0.45; ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.43-7.19 (35H, m), 5.22 (1H, d, J=11.2 Hz), 4.92 (1H, d, J=11.2 Hz), 4.88 (1H, d, J=11.2 Hz), 4.87-4.71 (5H, m), 4.62 (1H, d, J=12.5 Hz), 4.60-4.43 (5H, m), 4.41 (1H, d, J=11.8 Hz), 4.06 (1H, t, J=9.3 Hz), 3.86 (1H, dd, J=3.7, 11.2 Hz), 3.75 (1H, dd, J=1.6, 10.9 Hz), 3.69-3.55 (5H, m), 3.51-3.31 (6H, m), 3.05 (1H, dd, J=6.8, 13.7 Hz), 2.34 (3H, s). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 195.04, 139.19, 138.53, 138.30, 138.24, 138.17, 137.96 (C), 128.33, 128.26, 128.20, 128.04, 127.79, 127.71, 127.63, 127.55, 127.47, 127.29, 127.19, 102.40, 85.12, 84.88, 82.71, 79.85, 79.30, 78.05, 77.87 (CH), 75.62, 75.18 (CH₂), 75.09 (CH), 74.94, 74.81, 73.26, 73.21, 68.96, 67.86, 31.12 (CH₂), 30.49 (CH₃). IR (cm⁻¹): 3030, 2868, 1692, 1496, 1454, 1358, 1210, 1067, 1028, 773, 735, 698, 626. MALDI-MS (C₆₄H₆₈O₁₁S): [MNa]⁺ 1067.4365 (calcd. 1067.4380). Anal. Calcd for C₆₄H₆₈O₁₁S: C, 73.54; H, 6.56. Found: C, 73.50; H, 6.60.

The thioacetate received above (631 mg, 0.604 mmol) was suspended in AcOH (10 mL), KOAc (933 mg, 9.5 mmol) followed by Oxone (2KHSO₅.KHSO₄.K₂SO₄, 1.179 g, 2.55 mmol) were added and after stirring for 18 h, sat. aq. Na₂CO₃ (50 mL) and H₂O (50 mL) were carefully added. After extraction with CHCl₃ (4×25 mL), the combined organic layer was washed with sat. aq. Na₂CO₃ (25 mL), evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.1×3.3 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-20% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ (v/v) to give the corresponding sulfinate salt (622 mg, 96%) as a colourless oil.

R_(f) (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ (v/v)) 0.29; ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.40-7.14 (35H, m), 5.19-4.34 (15H, m), 4.17-3.22 (15H, m). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 138.97, 138.32, 138.21, 138.06, 137.88, 137.84, 128.70, 128.36, 128.18, 128.05, 127.86, 127.76, 127.63, 127.57, 127.44, 127.29, 127.20, 126.94, 84.53, 84.45, 82.01, 79.48, 77.96, 77.75, 76.06, 76.01, 75.46, 74.94, 74.79, 74.67, 74.57, 73.28, 73.08, 73.02, 53.42. IR (cm⁻¹): 3478, 3063, 3030, 2870, 1497, 1454, 1361, 1315, 1210, 1174, 1069, 1048, 1028, 736, 698, 621. MALDI-MS (C₆₂H₆₅NaO₁₃S): [MH]⁺ 1073.4098 (calcd. 1073.4122); [MNa]+1095.3926 (calcd. 1095.3941).

Finally, the obtained sulfinate salt (334 mg, 0.311 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous acetonitrile/CH₂Cl₂ (4 mL, 1:1 (v/v)) at 0° C., Ph₃P (264 mg, 1.01 mmol) and thionyl chloride (0.10 mL, 1.37 mmol) were added sequentially at 0° C. and the suspension was stirred at room temperature for 6 h. EtOAc/hexane (1:4 (v/v), 30 mL) was added, the suspension was filtered through a short pad of silica gel (4×5 mL EtOAc/hexane (1:3 (v/v)) washings) and the filtrate was evaporated and dried shortly under vacuum to give the desired sulfonyl chloride XVIIa (220 mg, 66%) as a light yellow foam.

R_(f) (1:3 EtOAc/hexane (v/v)) 0.38; ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.50-7.26 (35H, m), 5.30 (1H, d, J=11.2 Hz), 4.98 (1H, d, J=10.6 Hz), 4.96-4.81 (5H, m), 4.79 (1H, d, J=10.6 Hz), 4.67-4.50 (6H, m), 4.48 (1H, d, J=11.8 Hz), 4.23-4.15 (1H, m), 3.98-3.91 (2H, m), 3.85-3.57 (8H, m), 3.51-3.38 (3H, m), 3.30 (1H, t J=9.0 Hz). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 138.77, 138.45, 138.17, 138.11, 137.78, 137.27 (C), 128.63, 128.38, 128.31, 128.18, 128.12, 127.94, 127.78, 127.70, 127.63, 127.55, 127.42, 127.29, 102.32, 84.98, 84.80, 82.66, 79.23, 77.95, 77.82, 75.78 (CH), 75.60, 75.38 (CH₂), 75.12 (CH), 74.99, 74.78, 74.70 (CH₂), 74.21 (CH), 73.24, 68.95, 67.35, 66.79 (CH₂). IR (cm⁻¹): 3089, 3063, 3030, 2868, 1496, 1454, 1362, 1313, 1280, 1209, 1167, 1091, 1067, 1028, 913, 771, 736, 698, 601. MALDI-MS (C₆₂H₆₅ClO₁₂S): [MNa]⁺ 1091.3767 (calcd. 1091.3783).

The sulfonyl chloride XVIIIa (271 mg, 0.253 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (3 mL), anhydrous pyridine (0.5 mL) followed by the silylated azetidinone phenol VIa obtained in step 2a) (75.7 mg, 0.145 mmol) were added and the solution was stirred for 38 h, diluted with EtOAc (50 mL) and washed sequentially with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (15 mL) and H₂O (15 mL). The organic layer was evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.5×3.3 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-20% EtOAc in toluene (v/v) to give the corresponding sulfonate mixed with unreacted phenol VIa (166 mg, 4:1 mixture) as a white foam.

R_(f) (1:1 EtOAc/hexane (v/v)) 0.73; ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.49-7.17 (41H, m), 7.06 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.02 (2H, t, J=8.1 Hz), 6.96 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 5.31 (1H, d, J=11.2 Hz), 5.01-4.74 (7H, m), 4.65-4.45 (8H, m), 4.21 (1H, t, J=9.3 Hz), 4.02-3.96 (2H, m), 3.86-3.60 (6H, m), 3.53-3.47 (4H, m), 3.33 (1H, d, J=9.3 Hz), 3.26 (1H, t, J=9.0 Hz), 3.19 (1H, d, J=9.3 Hz), 3.06-3.00 (1H, m), 2.06-1.84 (4H, m), 0.96 (9H, s), 0.10 (3H, s), −0.07 (3H, s). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 166.70, 160.35, 160.00, 156.27, 149.33, 140.35, 140.31, 138.63, 138.26, 138.00, 137.90, 137.59, 137.45, 137.29, 136.51, 133.47 (C), 128.82, 128.73, 128.34, 128.19, 128.08, 127.98, 127.85, 127.66, 127.56, 127.45, 127.30, 127.25, 127.12, 127.01, 125.10, 123.32, 118.11, 118.01, 115.91, 115.60, 115.00, 114.93, 114.72, 102.39, 84.93, 84.80, 82.56, 78.82, 78.55, 77.95, 75.99 (CH), 75.60, 75.31 (CH₂), 75.15 (CH), 74.96, 74.76 (CH₂), 74.23, 73.77 (CH), 73.21, 73.08, 68.97, 67.62 (CH₂), 61.02, 60.57, 60.39 (CH), 51.26, 38.02 (CH₂), 25.85 (CH₃), 24.67 (CH₂), 18.19 (C), −4.56, −4.87 (CH₃). ¹⁹F-NMR (282 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −114.94 (1F, septet, J=4.3 Hz), −117.10 (1F, septet, J=4.3 Hz). MALDI-MS (C₉₂H₉₉F₂NO₁₅SiS): [MNa]⁺ 1578.6365 (calcd. 1578.6370).

Subsequently, this sulfonate (166 mg 4:1 mixture) was dissolved in EtOH (5 mL), Pd(OH)₂/C (20% (w/w), 94 mg) was added and the suspension was evacuated 4 times with H₂ and stirred under an H₂-atmosphere for 11.5 h. The suspension was evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.3×2.0 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ (v/v) to give the corresponding debenzylated β-lactam (69.5 mg, 52% from phenol VIa) as a colourless oil.

R_(f) (20% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ (v/v)) 0.46; ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ: 7.46-7.38 (4H, m), 7.31-7.23 (4H, m), 7.04-6.95 (4H, m), 4.75-4.68 (1H, m), 4.44 (1H, d, J=8.1 Hz), 3.92-3.80 (5H, m), 3.69-3.18 (11H, m), 3.10-3.05 (1H, m), 1.95-1.75 (4H, m), 0.86 (9H, s), 0.01 (3H, s), −0.19 (3H, s). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CD₃OD) δ: 169.31, 169.21, 161.76, 158.91, 150.96, 142.28, 138.45, 135.01, 134.98, 131.06, 130.95 (C), 128.83, 124.50, 119.92, 119.83, 116.99, 116.68, 116.10, 116.04, 115.81, 115.74, 104.54, 80.33, 80.10, 78.11, 77.81, 77.72, 76.30, 75.13, 74.89, 73.61, 71.38 (CH), 62.47, 61.63 (CH₂), 61.56, 61.47 (CH), 53.26, 38.83 (CH₂), 26.38 (CH₃), 25.75 (CH₂), 19.04 (C), −4.40, −4.70 (CH₃). ¹⁹F-NMR (282 MHz, CD₃OD) δ: −117.94 (1F, septet, J=4.3 Hz), −120.10 (1F, septet, J=4.3 Hz). MALDI-MS (C₄₃H₅₇F₂NO₁₅SiS): [MNa]⁺ 948.3088 (calcd. 948.3084).

This debenzylated β-Lactam (59.5 mg, 0.073 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (2.0 mL, teflon bottle), anhydrous pyridine (0.40 mL) followed by HF-pyridine complex (0.40 mL) were added and the solution was stirred for 14 h. Sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (5 mL) was added and the suspension was evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.4×2.0 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 10-20% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ (v/v) to give the desired β-lactam XVIII (38.1 mg, 64%) as a white solid.

R_(f) (10% MeOH in CH₂Cl₂ (v/v)) 0.17 (eluted thrice); ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CD₃OD) δ: 7.45 (2H, t, J=9.3 Hz), 7.40 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.33-7.24 (4H, m), 7.02 (2H, t, J=8.1 Hz), 6.98 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 4.90 (1H, d, J=1.9 Hz), 4.60 (1H, dd, J=5.0, 6.2 Hz), 4.43 (1H, d, J=7.5 Hz), 3.92-3.79 (5H, m), 3.69-3.49 (4H, m), 3.44-3.18 (6H, m), 3.12-3.06 (1H, m), 1.99-1.82 (4H, m). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CD₃OD) δ: 169.31, 165.08, 162.17, 161.85, 158.96, 150.98, 142.15, 138.51, 135.01 (C), 128.88, 128.76, 124.46, 119.97, 119.86, 116.99, 116.68, 116.13, 115.84, 104.54, 80.35, 80.06, 78.11, 77.81, 77.71, 76.31, 74.91, 73.77, 73.63, 71.39 (CH), 62.45, 61.50 (CH₂), 61.42 (CH), 53.26, 37.45, 26.12 (CH₂). ¹⁹F-NMR (282 MHz, CD₃OD) δ: −118.08 (1F, septet, J=4.3 Hz), −120.21 (1F, septet, J=4.3 Hz). MALDI-MS (C₃₇H₄₃F₂NO₁₅S): [MNa]⁺ 834.2223 (calcd. 834.2219).

Example 15

A 50 mL Schlenk flask was charged with Zn(OTf)₂ (12.647 g, 34.79 mmol) and heated to 120° C. under high-vacuum (0.2 Torr) for 3.5 h. After cooling, (+)-N-methylephedrine (6.595 g, 36.79 mmol) was added and the flask was purged with Ar for 15 min. Anhydrous toluene (14 mL) followed by Et₃N (3.874 g, 38.3 mmol) were added and after 3 h stirring, benzyl propargyl ether (prepared according to Ren, X. F.; Turos, E.; Lake, C. H.; Churchill, M. R. J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 6468-6483; 5.556 g, 38.00 mmol) was added in one portion. After 20 min stirring, the mixture was transferred to a precooled acetone bath (8° C.), stirred for 5 min and p-FC₆H₄CHO (3.632 g, 29.26 mmol) was added in one portion. After 15 h stirring at 9 to 12° C., the suspension was diluted with EtOAc (125 mL) and washed with sat. aq. NH₄Cl (2×30 mL) and brine (30 mL). The organic layer was evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (5.4×5.5 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-50% EtOAc in hexane (v/v) to give propargyl alcohol XIXa (5.896 g, 75%) as a light yellow oil. Enantiomeric excess as determined by HPLC analysis: 96% ee; R_(t) 20 min (R-XIXa), 28 min (S-XIXa) (Chiracel OD-H 25 cm, 6% iPrOH in hexane, flow 1.0 mL/min, 254 nm). R_(f) (1:3 EtOAc/hexane (v/v)) 0.28; ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.50 (2H, dd, J=5.6, 8.7 Hz), 7.38-7.32 (5H, m), 7.06 (2H, t, J=8.7 Hz), 5.48 (1H, s), 4.60 (2H, s), 4.26 (2H, s), 2.84 (1H, s). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 164.01, 160.75, 136.95, 136.04 (C), 128.30, 128.21, 127.92, 127.81, 115.43, 115.13 (CH), 86.13, 82.62 (C), 71.74 (CH₂), 63.74 (CH), 57.35 (CH₂). ¹⁹F-NMR (282 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −113.28 (1F, septet, J=4.3 Hz). IR (cm⁻¹): 3390, 3066, 3032, 2859, 1604, 1508, 1455, 1413, 1386, 1355, 1224, 1158, 1121, 1096, 1072, 1028, 1014, 842, 772, 744, 699, 592, 561, 498. MALDI-MS (C₁₇H₁₅FO₂): [MNa]⁺ 293.0947 (calcd. 293.0954). Anal. Calcd for C₁₇H₁₅FO₂: C, 75.54; H, 5.59. Found: C, 75.39; H, 5.62.

Subsequently this propargyl alcohol (4.108 g, 15.20 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (50 mL), imidazole (2.123 g, 31.1 mmol) and TBDMSCl (3.590 mg, 23.8 mmol) were added sequentially and the solution was stirred for 3.5 h followed by addition of 50% sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (150 mL). After extraction with ether (4×50 mL), the combined organic layer was washed successively with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (50 mL) and H₂O (50 mL), evaporated and dried shortly under high vacuum. The residue was dissolved in EtOH (40 mL), Na₂CO₃ (3.229 g, 30.5 mmol) and Pd/C (10% (w/w), 223 mg) were added and the suspension was evacuated 4 times with H₂ and stirred under an H₂-atmosphere for 19 h. The suspension was diluted with 10% EtOAc/hexane (250 mL (v/v)) and filtered through a short plug of silica gel (2×25 mL 20% EtOAc/hexane washings (v/v)), evaporated and dried shortly under high vacuum. The residue was dissolved in EtOH (40 mL), Pd/C (10% (w/w), 142 mg) was added and the suspension was evacuated 4 times with H₂ and stirred under an H₂-atmosphere for 1 h. Additional Pd/C (10% (w/w), 190 mg) was added and the suspension was evacuated 4 times with H₂ and stirred under an H₂-atmosphere for 1.25 h. The suspension was evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (5.2×5.5 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-25% EtOAc in hexane (v/v) to give the corresponding alcohol (3.643 g, 80%) as a light yellow oil.

R_(f) (1:3 EtOAc/hexane (v/v)) 0.37; ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.24 (2H, dd, J=5.6, 8.7 Hz), 6.97 (2H, t, J=8.7 Hz), 4.69 (1H, dt, J=1.2, 5.0 Hz), 3.59 (2H, dt, J=1.2, 6.2 Hz), 2.18 (1H, bs), 1.77-1.45 (4H, m), 0.87 (9H, s), 0.02 (3H, s), −0.15 (3H, S). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 163.37, 160.13, 140.96, 140.91 (C), 127.32, 127.23, 114.94, 114.64, 74.16 (CH), 62.76, 37.19, 28.47 (CH₂), 25.76 (CH₃), 18.15 (C), −4.71, −5.05 (CH₃). IR (cm⁻¹): 3339, 2954, 2930, 2885, 2858, 1606, 1510, 1472, 1463, 1362, 1252, 1223, 1156, 1092, 1060, 984, 890, 836, 776, 668, 560. MALDI-MS (C₁₆H₂₇FO₂Si): [MNa]⁺ 321.1643 (calcd. 321.1662). Anal. Calcd for C₁₆H₂₇FO₂Si: C, 64.39; H, 9.12. Found: C, 64.36; H, 9.15.

The alcohol obtained above was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (50 mL), Dess-Martin periodinane (5.658 g, 13.3 mmol) was added and the milky solution was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 h. Sat. aq. Na₂SO₃ (100 mL) was added and the layers were swirled until the solid had dissolved. The layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (2×40 mL). The combined organic phase was evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (5.1×5.5 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-10% EtOAc in hexane (v/v) to give the corresponding aldehyde XIXb (2.093 g, 80%) as a light yellow oil.

R_(f) (1:3 EtOAc/hexane (v/v)) 0.63; ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 9.73 (1H, d, J=1.5 Hz), 7.25 (2H, dd, J=5.6, 8.7 Hz), 6.99 (2H, t, J=9.0 Hz), 4.74 (1H, dt, J=5.0, 6.8 Hz), 2.52-2.35 (2H, m), 2.06-1.88 (2H, m), 0.88 (9H, s), 0.02 (3H, s), −0.16 (3H, s). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 201.91 (CH), 163.35, 160.10, 140.13 (C), 127.20, 127.10, 115.04, 114.75, 73.03 (CH), 39.69, 33.11 (CH₂), 25.85 (CH₃), 18.21 (C), −4.61, −4.95 (CH₃). IR (cm⁻¹): 2955, 2938, 2888, 2858, 2720, 1727, 1606, 1509, 1472, 1464, 1412, 1390, 1362, 1254, 1223, 1156, 1090, 1014, 837, 776, 670, 540. Anal. Calcd for C₁₆H₂₅FO₂Si: C, 64.82; H, 8.50. Found: C, 64.95; H, 8.36. LiCl (140.8 mg, 3.32 mmol) was heated shortly with a heat gun under high-vacuum and after cooling, anhydrous CH₃CN (5 mL), phosphonate XIXc (prepared according to Melekhov, A.; Fallis, A. G. Tetrahedron Lett. 1999, 40, 7867-7870; 660 mg, 1.68 mmol) and DBU (221 mg, 1.45 mmol) were added sequentially. After 3 min stirring, the aldehyde XIXb (407.3 mg, 1.3.7 mmol) was added and the suspension was stirred at room temperature for 2.5 h followed by addition of 50% sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (60 mL). After extraction with ether/hexane (1:1 (v/v), 4×25 mL), the combined organic layer was washed with brine (25 mL), evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.6×3.3 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-20% EtOAc in hexane (v/v) to give olefin XIXd (520.7 mg, 71%) as a colourless oil.

R_(f) (1:3 EtOAc/hexane (v/v)) 0.43; ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.25 (2H, dd, J=5.6, 8.7 Hz), 7.10-6.94 (3H, m), 6.53 (1H, d, J=14.9 Hz), 4.65 (1H, dd, J=5.0, 7.5 Hz), 3.91 (1H, dd, J=5.6, 6.8 Hz), 3.50 (1H, d, J=13.7 Hz), 3.42 (1H, d, J=13.7 Hz), 2.30-2.23 (2H, m), 2.09-2.02 (2H, m), 1.90-1.70 (5H, m), 1.43-1.30 (2H, m), 1.15 (3H, s), 0.95 (3H, s), 0.85 (9H, s), 0.01 (3H, s), −0.20 (3H, s). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 163.88, 163.39, 160.14, 150.06, 140.63 (C), 127.35, 127.26, 120.91, 114.98, 114.69, 73.24, 64.99 (CH), 53.04 (CH₂), 48.33, 47.67 (C), 44.58 (CH), 38.61, 38.39, 32.71, 28.32, 26.40 (CH₂), 25.72, 20.72, 19.78 (CH₃), 18.04 (C), −4.74, −5.10 (CH₃). IR (cm⁻¹): 2956, 2885, 2859, 1684, 1640, 1605, 1509, 1472, 1414, 1374, 1332, 1295, 1250, 1220, 1165, 1134, 1083, 1049, 995, 970, 860, 836, 774, 544. MALDI-MS (C₂₈H₄₂FNO₄SSi): [MNa]⁺ 558.2479 (calcd. 558.2486). Anal. Calcd for C₂₈H₄₂FNO₄SSi: C, 62.77; H, 7.90; N, 2.61. Found: C, 62.84; H, 7.78; N, 2.58.

Olefin XIXd was dissolved in anhydrous toluene (2.0 mL), TMSCHN₂ (2 M in hexanes, 1.50 mL, 3.0 mmol) was added and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 64 h. After evaporation, the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (10 mL), TFA (202 mg, 1.77 mmol) was added and the solution was stirred for 20 min. Sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (1.5 mL) was added and the mixture was evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.5×3.3 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-40% EtOAc in hexane (v/v) to give the corresponding pyrazoline (468 mg, 84%) as a light yellow foam.

R_(f) (1:3 EtOAc/hexane (v/v)) 0.25; ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.21 (2H, dd, J=5.6, 8.7 Hz), 6.95 (2H, t, J=8.7 Hz), 6.60 (1H, s), 6.16 (1H, d, J=5.6 Hz), 4.65 (1H, t, J=5.0 Hz), 4.33 (1H, dd, J=5.9, 9.7 Hz), 3.87 (1H, dd, J=5.0, 7.5 Hz), 3.67-3.62 (1H, bs), 3.53 (1H, d, J=13.7 Hz), 3.44 (1H, d, J=13.7 Hz), 2.15-1.99 (2H, m), 1.91-1.86 (3H, m), 1.66-1.51 (3H, m), 1.47-1.21 (3H, m), 1.14 (3H, s), 0.95 (3H, s), 0.86 (9H, s), 0.01 (3H, s), −0.17 (3H, s). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 167.96, 163.12, 159.89 (C), 146.91 (CH), 140.52, 140.49 (C), 127.15, 127.05, 114.83, 114.54, 73.37, 66.44, 65.09 (CH), 52.81 (CH₂), 48.91 (C), 48.04 (CH), 47.79 (C), 44.33 (CH), 37.98, 37.79, 32.55, 26.76, 26.45 (CH₂), 25.82, 20.68, 19.84 (CH₃), 18.16 (C), −4.64, −4.90 (CH₃). IR (cm⁻¹): 3360, 2955, 2857, 1700, 1604, 1509, 1472, 1390, 1329, 1273, 1250, 1236, 1221, 1166, 1134, 1086, 1066, 994, 939, 836, 775, 694, 542. MALDI-MS (C₂₉H₄₄FN₃O₄SSi): [MNa]⁺ 600.2691 (calcd. 600.2704). Anal. Calcd for C₂₉H₄₄FN₃O₄SSi: C, 60.28; H, 7.67; N, 7.27. Found: C, 60.25; H, 7.83; N, 7.16.

This pyrazoline (409.8 mg, 0.709 mmol), Cu(OAc)₂ (296 mg, 1.63 mmol) and (p-FC₆H₄)₃Bi (prepared according to Banfi, A.; Bartoletti, M.; Bellora, E.; Bignotti, M.; Turconi, M. Synthesis 1994, 775-776; 950 mg, 1.92 mmol) were dissolved in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), anhydrous Et₃N (165 mg, 1.63 mmol) was added and the dark green suspension was stirred at room temperature for 12.5 h. After evaporation on celite the residue was purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.5×3.3 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-30% EtOAc in hexane (v/v) to give N-arylated pyrazoline XIXe (320.8 mg, 63%) as a light yellow foam.

R_(f) (1:3 EtOAc/hexane (v/v)) 0.33; ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.24 (2H, dd, J=5.3, 8.4 Hz), 7.01-6.94 (4H, m), 6.89 (2H, t, J=8.7 Hz), 6.68 (1H, d, J=1.9 Hz), 5.05 (1H, d, J=3.7 Hz), 4.62 (1H, t, J=5.3 Hz), 3.85 (1H, dd, J=4.4, 7.5 Hz), 3.59 (1H, d, J=14.3 Hz), 3.58 (1H, d, J=14.3 Hz), 3.41-3.35 (1H, m), 1.98-1.78 (5H, m), 1.72-1.60 (3H, m), 1.41-1.23 (3H, m), 1.21 (3H, s), 0.98 (3H, s), 0.88 (9H, s), 0.04 (3H, s), −0.17 (3H, s). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 169.54, 163.38, 160.14, 158.46, 155.30 (C), 142.10 (CH), 140.75 (C), 127.32, 127.22, 115.71, 115.40, 114.96, 114.67, 114.22, 114.12, 73.99, 65.48, 64.93 (CH), 53.02 (CH, CH₂), 49.05, 47.77 (C), 44.31 (CH), 37.98, 36.95, 32.76, 27.79, 26.25 (CH₂), 25.75, 20.37, 19.77 (CH₃), 18.07 (C), −4.77, −5.01 (CH₃). ¹⁹F (282 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −116.27 (1F, m), −125.73 (1F, septet, J=4.3 Hz). IR (cm⁻¹): 2957, 2857, 1699, 1606, 1510, 1471, 1413, 1362, 1334, 1268, 1250, 1221, 1166, 1136, 1113, 1088, 1063, 987, 836, 776, 759, 538. MALDI-MS (C₃₅H₄₇F₂N₃O₄SSi): [MH-TBDMSOH]⁺ 540.2127 (calcd. 540.2132); [MNa]⁺ 694.2909 (calcd. 694.2922). Anal. Calcd for C₃₅H₄₇F₂N₃O₄SSi: C, 62.56; H, 7.05; N, 6.25. Found: C, 62.37; H, 7.05; N, 6.03.

The N-arylated pyrazoline XIXe (101.5 mg, 0.151 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (5 mL) −78° C., LiAlH₄ (33 mg, 0.87 mmol) was added and the suspension was stirred at −78° C. for 4.5 h. Sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (1 mL) was added and the mixture was evaporated on celite and purified twice by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.6×2.0 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-30% EtOAc in hexane (v/v) to give the corresponding alcohol (52.7 mg, 76%) as a light yellow oil.

R_(f) (1:3 EtOAc/hexane (v/v)) 0.23; ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.23 (2H, dd, J=5.6, 8.7 Hz), 7.04-6.92 (6H, m), 6.67 (1H, d, J=1.2 Hz), 4.64 (1H, t, J=5.9 Hz), 3.81 (1H, dd, J=4.0, 11.5 Hz), 3.68-3.58 (2H, m), 3.12 (1H, dd, J=6.2, 6.8 Hz), 1.86 (1H, bs), 1.77-1.67 (2H, m), 1.58-1.48 (2H, m), 0.86 (9H, s), 0.00 (3H, s), −0.17 (3H, s). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 163.47, 160.22, 158.83, 155.68 (C), 144.84 (CH), 142.35, 140.67, 140.62 (C), 127.26, 127.16, 115.75, 115.46, 115.11, 115.06, 114.96, 114.83, 73.76, 66.81 (CH), 62.37 (CH₂), 50.05 (CH), 37.72, 28.28 (CH₂), 25.75 (CH₃), 18.12 (C), −4.67, −5.01 (CH₃). ¹⁹F (282 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −115.25 (1F, septet, J=4.3 Hz), −124.25 (1F, septet, J=4.3 Hz). IR (cm⁻¹): 3401, 2953, 2930, 2885, 2858, 1672, 1605, 1509, 1472, 1463, 1416, 1362, 1296, 1252, 1223, 1156, 1086, 1006, 979, 938, 861, 835, 776, 666, 608, 554. MALDI-MS (C₂₅H₃₄F₂N₂O₂Si): [MH-CH₂O] 429.2175 (calcd. 429.2174); [M-H]⁺ 459.2279 (calcd. 459.2279).

Subsequently this alcohol (70.8 mg, 0.154 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (5 mL), anhydrous Et₃N (0.50 mL, 3.9 mmol), DMAP (6.8 mg, 0.056 mmol) and TsCl (69 mg, 0.36 mmol) were added and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 12.5 h, evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.4×2.0 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-20% EtOAc in hexane (v/v) to give the corresponding tosylate (78.4 mg, 83%) as a colourless oil.

R_(f) (1:3 EtOAc/hexane (v/v)) 0.44; ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.68 (2H, d, J=8.7 Hz), 7.25 (4H, t, J=8.1 Hz), 6.99 (2H, t, J=8.7 Hz), 6.92-6.80 (4H, m), 6.64 (1H, d, J=1.2 Hz), 4.65 (1H, dd, J=4.4, 6.8 Hz), 4.12 (1H, dd, J=2.5, 9.3 Hz), 3.92-3.81 (2H, m), 3.08-3.01 (1H, m), 2.42 (3H, s), 1.80-1.43 (4H, m), 0.87 (9H, s), 0.01 (3H, s), −0.17 (3H, s). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 163.49, 160.24, 158.59, 155.43, 145.16 (C), 143.40 (CH), 140.54, 132.21 (C), 129.84, 127.82, 127.32, 127.21, 115.79, 115.48, 115.12, 114.83, 114.31, 114.22, 73.50 (CH), 67.45 (CH₂), 62.42, 50.74 (CH), 37.35, 27.87 (CH₂), 25.77, 21.59 (CH₃), 18.10 (C), −4.67, −5.01 (CH₃). ¹⁹F (282 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −116.01 (1F, m), −125.40 (1F, septet, J=4.3 Hz). IR (cm⁻¹): 3055, 3034, 2953, 2930, 2886, 2857, 1603, 1509, 1472, 1463, 1365, 1307, 1294, 1252, 1223, 1190, 1177, 1156, 1096, 979, 862, 835, 775, 666, 608, 555. MALDI-MS (C₃₂H₄₀F₂N₂O₄SSi): [MH-TBDMSOH]⁺ 483.1559 (calcd. 483.1554); [MNa]⁺ 637.2330 (calcd. 637.2344).

The tosylate received above was dissolved in anhydrous DMF (2.5 mL), hydroquinone (263 mg, 2.39 mmol) and Cs₂CO₃ (102.1 mg, 0.313 mmol) were added and the suspension was stirred at 80° C. for 12 h. EtOAc (30 mL) was added and the organic phase was washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (10 mL) and H₂O (10 mL), evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.5×2.0 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-30% EtOAc in hexane (v/v) to give the corresponding phenol XIXf (70.9 mg, 86%) as a colourless oil.

R_(f) (1:3 EtOAc/hexane (v/v)) 0.33; ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.24 (2H, dd, J=5.3, 8.4 Hz), 7.06-6.93 (6H, m), 6.75-6.68 (5H, m), 4.67 (1H, dd, J=4.4, 6.8 Hz), 4.10-3.98 (2H, m), 3.74 (1H, dd, J=1.2, 7.5 Hz), 3.17-3.11 (1H, m), 1.86-1.54 (4H, m), 0.88 (9H, s), 0.02 (3H, s), −0.15 (3H, s). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 163.32, 160.08, 158.48, 155.35, 152.31, 149.86 (C), 143.85 (CH), 141.52, 141.49, 140.63 (C), 127.23, 127.12, 115.99, 115.73, 115.51, 115.44, 115.04, 114.75, 114.67, 114.57, 73.78 (CH), 67.79 (CH₂), 63.88, 51.51 (CH), 37.77, 28.38 (CH₂), 25.89 (CH₃), 18.25 (C), −4.46, −4.80 (CH₃). ¹⁹F (282 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −115.31 (1F, m), −124.71 (1F, septet, J=4.3 Hz). IR (cm⁻¹): 3350, 3056, 2953, 2930, 2885, 2858, 1605, 1509, 1472, 1462, 1362, 1297, 1226, 1156, 1100, 1086, 1050, 1006, 939, 828, 776, 667, 609, 553, 518. MALDI-MS (C₃₁H₃₈F₂N₂O₃Si): [MH-TBDMSOH]⁺ 421.1720 (calcd. 421.1728); [MH]⁺ 553.2677 (calcd. 553.2698); [MNa]+575.2505 (calcd. 575.2517).

The phenol XIXf (18.4 mg, 0.0333 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (1.0 mL, teflon bottle) at 0° C., anhydrous pyridine (0.20 mL) followed by HF-pyridine complex (0.20 mL) were added and the solution was allowed to warm to room temperature over several h and stirred at room temperature for 22 h. Ether (20 mL) was added and the solution was washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (2×5 mL), evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.5×2.0 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-60% EtOAc in hexane (v/v) to give the desired diol XIX (14.4 mg, 99%) as a colourless oil.

R_(f) (1:1 EtOAc/hexane (v/v)) 0.27; ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.29 (2H, dd, J=5.3, 8.4 Hz), 7.06-6.93 (6H, m), 6.75-6.67 (5H, m), 4.70 (1H, t, J=6.5 Hz), 4.09-4.03 (2H, m), 3.72 (1H, t, J=10.0 Hz), 3.18 (1H, dd, J=4.4, 6.2 Hz), 1.99-1.50 (4H, m). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 163.72, 160.47, 155.31, 152.26, 149.95 (C), 143.53 (CH), 141.41, 139.78 (C), 127.41, 127.29, 116.01, 115.77, 115.51, 115.23, 114.54, 114.42, 73.49 (CH), 67.60 (CH₂), 63.67, 51.35 (CH), 35.89, 28.70 (CH₂). ¹⁹F (282 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −114.89 (1F, septet, J=4.3 Hz), −124.64 (1F, septet, J=4.3 Hz). IR (cm⁻¹): 3320, 2927, 1604, 1508, 1453, 1366, 1225, 1157, 1102, 1044, 910, 826, 733, 609. MALDI-MS (C₂₅H₂₄F₂N₂O₃) [MH-H₂O]⁺ 421.1717 (calcd. 421.1728); [M]⁺ 438.1755 (calcd. 438.1755); [MH] 439.1825 (calcd. 439.1833); [MNa]⁺ 461.1650 (calcd. 461.1653).

Example 16

The phenol XIXf obtained in step 15a) (28.4 mg, 0.0514 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL), anhydrous pyridine (0.10 mL, 1.3 mmol) and MsCl (0.05 mL, 0.51 mmol) were added and the solution was stirred at room temperature for 22.5 h, evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.5×2.0 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-50% EtOAc in hexane (v/v) to give the corresponding mesylate (29.2 mg, 90%) as a colourless oil.

R_(f) (1:1 EtOAc/hexane (v/v)) 0.64; ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.26-7.17 (6H, m), 7.06-6.94 (6H, m), 6.83 (2H, d, J=9.3 Hz), 6.71 (1H, d, J=1.2 Hz), 4.66 (1H, dd, J=4.4, 6.8 Hz), 4.11 (1H, dd, J=4.0, 9.0 Hz), 4.04 (1H, dt, J=4.4, 7.5 Hz), 3.81 (1H, dd, J=7.5, 8.7 Hz), 3.11 (3H, s), 3.19-3.08 (1H, m), 1.85-1.52 (4H, m), 0.87 (9H, s), 0.01 (3H, s), −0.16 (3H, s). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 160.25, 158.65, 157.92, 157.23, 155.50 (C), 143.67 (CH), 142.93, 141.52, 140.67 (C), 127.30, 127.19, 123.18, 115.85, 115.56, 115.45, 115.14, 114.85, 114.64, 114.53, 73.76 (CH), 67.53 (CH₂), 63.54, 51.60 (CH), 37.75 (CH₂), 37.09 (CH₃), 28.29 (CH₂), 25.78 (CH₃), 18.13 (C), −4.63, −4.98 (CH₃). ¹⁹F (282 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −116.00 (1F, m), −125.47 (1F, septet, J=4.3 Hz). IR (cm⁻¹): 2930, 2857, 1605, 1508, 1472, 1369, 1299, 1251, 1223, 1197, 1168, 1152, 1086, 1009, 970, 868, 836, 776, 609, 527. MALDI-MS (C₃₂H₄₀F₂N₂O₅SSi) [MH-TBDMSOH]⁺ 499.1504 (calcd. 499.1503); [MNa]⁺ 653.2298 (calcd. 653.2293).

This mesylate (29.0 mg, 0.0460 mmol) was dissolved in anhydrous THF (1.0 mL, teflon bottle) at 0° C., anhydrous pyridine (0.20 mL) followed by HF-pyridine complex (0.20 mL) were added and the solution was allowed to warm to room temperature over several h and stirred at room temperature for 10 h. Ether (20 mL) was added and the solution was washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (2×5 mL), evaporated on celite and purified by dry column vacuum chromatography (4.6×2.0 cm) on silica gel eluting with a gradient of 0-90% EtOAc in hexane (v/v) to give the desired mesylate XX (23.0 mg, 97%) as a colourless oil.

R_(f) (1:1 EtOAc/hexane (v/v)) 0.18; ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 7.30 (2H, dd, J=5.6, 8.7 Hz), 7.18 (2H, d, J=9.3 Hz), 7.06-6.94 (6H, m), 6.83 (2H, d, J=9.3 Hz), 6.73 (1H, d, J=1.2 Hz), 4.70 (1H, dd, J=5.6, 6.8 Hz), 4.14-4.07 (2H, m), 3.84-3.77 (1H, m), 3.19-3.14 (1H, m), 3.10 (3H, s), 1.94 (1H, bs), 1.92-1.54 (4H, m). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 163.72, 160.47, 158.50, 157.04, 155.35 (C), 143.35 (CH), 142.82, 141.30, 141.26, 139.84 (C), 127.36, 127.26, 123.11, 115.81, 115.52, 115.41, 115.25, 114.52, 114.42, 73.44 (CH), 67.37 (CH₂), 63.44, 51.43 (CH), 37.20 (CH₃), 35.97, 28.73 (CH₂). ¹⁹F (282 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: −114.06 (1F, m), −124.49 (1F, septet, J=4.3 Hz). IR (cm⁻¹): 3550, 3404, 2936, 1604, 1508, 1366, 1299, 1249, 1223, 1196, 1168, 1151, 1039, 970, 913, 870, 835, 743, 528. MALDI-MS (C₂₆H₂₆F₂N₂O₅S): [MH-H₂O]⁺ 499.1500 (calcd. 499.1503); [M]⁺ 516.1536 (calcd. 516.1504); [MH]⁺ 517.1606 (calcd. 517.1609); [MNa]⁺ 539.1428 (calcd. 539.1428).

Example 17

To a solution of acid XXIa (prepared according to B. A. Shinkre, V. G. Puranik, B. M. Bhawal, A. Deshmukh, Tetrahedron: Asymmetry 2003, 14, 453; 30.0 g, 102 mmol, 1.11 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (600 ml) is added triethylamine (64.0 ml, 461 mmol, 5.00 equiv) followed by imine XXIb (prepared according to T. Kambara, K. Tomioka, J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 9282; 28.1 g, 92.1 mmol, 1.00 equiv). The solution is cooled to −20° C. and triphosgene (16.4 g, 55.8 mmol, 0.600 equiv) is added in 50 ml CH₂Cl₂ over a period of 20 min. The solution is warmed to 23° C. over a period of 8 h and stirred for additional 10 h at this temperature. The solution is poured onto 600 ml ice water and 200 ml CH₂Cl₂. The aqueous phase is extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3*100 ml). The combined organic phases are washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by chromatography on silica gel eluting with hexane/ethyl acetate (3/2 to 1/2 gradient) and then chromatography on silica gel eluting with EtOAc/CH₂Cl₂ (7/1 to 3/1 gradient) to afford β-lactam XXIc as a colorless solid in 40% yield along with 35% yield of the undesired diastereomer.

mp: 132° C. R_(f)=0.38 (hexane/ethyl acetate 1/1). α_(D)=+77°, (CHCl₃, c=1.075, 30.5° C.). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.46-7.07 (m, 16H), 6.92-6.84 (m, 2H), 5.34 (d, J=5.3 Hz, 1H), 5.06 (s, 2H), 4.95 (d, J=5.3 Hz, 1H), 4.60 (d, J=2.5 Hz), 3.23-3.14 (m, 1H), 2.90 (s, 3H), 1.70 (s, 3H), 0.83 (d, J=6.2 Hz) ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 165.4, 165.0, 159.3 (J=244 Hz), 159.1, 137.1 (J=5 Hz), 133.7, 129.9, 128.9, 128.6, 128.3, 128.0, 127.7, 125.7, 119.0 (J=8 Hz), 116.0 (J=23 Hz), 115.1, 100.1, 76.9, 71.2, 70.1, 62.2, 59.0, 33.8, 23.6, 12.4. IR (thin film): 2938, 1756, 1667, 1612, 1511, 1382, 1223, 1177, 1112, 1092, 834, 734. HRMS (EI): Calcd' for (C₃₅H₃₃FN₂O₅ ⁺), 580.2374, found, 580.2369.

To a solution of β-lactam XXIc (17.0 g, 29.0 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in THF (242 ml) and water (48 ml) is added p-toluenesulfonic acid hydrate (55.7 g, 293 mmol, 10.0 equiv). The solution is heated to reflux for 5 h. The solution is concentrated to an approximate volume of 60 ml and then poured onto EtOAc (150 ml) and water (250 ml). The aqueous phase is extracted with EtOAc (4*100 ml). The combined organic phases are washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by chromatography on silica gel eluting with hexane/ethyl acetate (3/2 to 2/3 gradient) to afford the corresponding 3-hydroxy-β-lactam as a colorless solid in 51% yield.

mp: 168° C. R_(f)=0.26 (hexane/ethyl acetate 3/2). α_(D)=−129°, (acetone, c=1.22, 29.5° C.). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, acetone): δ 7.50-7.47 (m, 2H), 7.42-7.29 (m, 5H), 7.10-7.01 (m, 4H), 5.33 (d, J=5.3 Hz, 1H), 5.27 (dd, J=7.2 Hz, 5.3 Hz, 1H), 5.11 (s, 2H), 5.07 (d, J=7.2 Hz, 1H). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, acetone): δ 166.5, 159.2, 159.0 (J=241 Hz), 137.7, 134.7, 129.6, 128.6, 128.0, 127.8, 118.9 (J=8 Hz), 115.8 (J=23 Hz), 114.8, 78.0, 69.8, 62.3. IR (thin film): 3120, 1756, 1667, 1612, 1511, 1382, 1223, 1177, 1112, 1092, 834, 734. HRMS (EI): Calcd' for (C₂₂H₁₈FNO₃ ⁺), 363.1271, found, 363.1268. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₂H₁₈FNO₃: C, 72.72; H, 4.99; N, 3.85; found: C, 77.73; H, 5.20; N, 3.91.

To a suspension of this 3-hydroxy-β-lactam (2.00 g, 5.50 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in methanol (55.0 ml) is added sodium methoxide (1.49 g, 27.5 mmol, 5.00 equiv). The suspension is stirred at 23° C. for 2 h. To the forming solution is added NH₄Cl_((s)) and the suspension is concentrated in vacuo. To the solid is added EtOAc (50 ml) and water (50 ml). The aqueous phase is extracted with EtOAc (3*20 ml). The combined organic phases are washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by chromatography on silica gel eluting with hexane/ethyl acetate (3/2 to 1/1 gradient) to afford the corresponding amino alcohol as a colorless solid in 89% yield.

mp: 103° C. R_(f) 0.45 (hexane/ethyl acetate 3/2). α_(D)=+13.9°, (CH₂Cl₂, c=1.10, 25.3° C. ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.44-7.24 (m, 4H), 6.97-6.91 (m, 2H), 6.84-6.76 (m, 2H), 6.53-6.46 (m, 2H), 5.02 (s, 2H), 4.81 (s, 1H), 4.60 (s, 1H), 4.46 (m, 1H), 3.79 (s, 3H), 3.07 (d, J=3.7 Hz, 1H). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 158.2, 155.8 (J=233 Hz), 142.5, 136.8, 131.0, 128.5, 127.9, 127.9, 127.4, 155.5 (J=22 Hz), 114.9, 114.8, 74.6, 70.0, 59.1, 53.1, 114.8, 78.0, 69.8, 62.3. IR (thin film): 3390, 1737, 1610, 1510, 1221, 1113, 823. MS (EI): 306.1748 (2.54%), 186.2356 (18.8%, 91.0908 (100%). Anal. Calcd. for C₂₃H₂₂FNO₄: C, 69.86; H, 5.61; N, 3.54; found: C, 69.88; H, 5.78; N, 3.54.

To a solution of the amino alcohol received above (1.92 g, 4.86 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (24.0 ml) is added diisopropylethylamine (2.54 ml, 14.6 mmol, 3.00 equiv) and 4-N,N-dimethylaminopyridine (59.0 mg, 0.486 mmol, 0.10 equiv). The solution is cooled to −78° C. and triphosgene (1.44 g, 4.86 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (4.0 ml) is added over a period of 5 min. The solution is warmed to 23° C. over 8 h and stirred at this temperature for additional 5 h. To this solution is added water (50 ml) and concentrated aqueous ammonium hydroxide solution (3 ml). The aqueous phase is extracted with CH₂Cl₂ (3*20 ml). The combined organic phases are washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by chromatography on silica gel eluting with hexane/ethyl acetate (2/1 to 1/1 gradient) to afford methyl ester XXId as a colourless solid in 82% yield.

mp: 118° C. R_(f)=0.54 (hexane/ethyl acetate 3/2). α_(D)=+18°, (CHCl₃, c=1.10, 29.3° C.). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.40-7.32 (m, 7H), 7.29-7.22 (m, 2H), 6.98-6.93 (m, 4H), 5.33 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 5.03 (s, 2H), 4.73 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 168.9, 160.1 (d, J=244 Hz), 159.7, 154.3, 136.7, 132.7, 129.5, 128.9, 128.4, 127.8, 127.7, 123.2 (d, J=8 Hz), 116.1 (d, J=22 Hz), 116.0, 77.9, 70.3, 36.6, 53.5. IR (thin film): 1769, 1552, 1388, 1227, 1099, 834. HRMS (MALDI): Calcd' for (C₂₄H₂₀FNO₅Na⁺), 444.1224, found, 444.1224. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₄H₂₀FNO₅: C, 68.40; H. 4.78; N, 3.32; found: C, 68.18; H, 4.91; N, 3.38.

To a suspension of methyl ester XXId (1.68 g, 3.99 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in ethanol (27.0 ml) is added at 23° C. sodium cyanoborohydride (226 mg, 5.98 mmol, 1.50 equiv). The suspension is stirred for 2 h at this temperature at which point all solids were dissolved. To this solution is added NH₄Cl_((s)) and the volume is concentrated in vacuo to 5 ml. To this suspension is added water (50 ml) and EtOAc (50 ml). The aqueous phase is extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic phases are washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by chromatography on silica gel eluting with hexane/ethyl acetate (1/1 to 2/3 gradient) to afford the corresponding alcohol as a colorless solid in 92% yield.

mp: 143° C. R_(f)=0.40 (hexane/ethyl acetate 2/3). α_(D)=−160, (CHCl₃, c=1.54, 32.4° C.). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 7.42-7.19 (m, 9H), 6.97-6.90 (m, 4H), 5.26 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 1H), 5.02 (s, 2H), 4.39 (m, 1H), 3.99 (d, J=12.5 Hz, 1H), 3.74 (d, J=12.5 Hz, 1H), 2.77 (s, 1H). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 159.7 (d, J=245 Hz), 159.0, 136.4, 132.7, 129.4, 128.5, 128.0, 127.9, 127.4, 123.6 (d, J=8 Hz), 115.6 (d, J=22 Hz), 115.6, 82.0, 70.1, 61.6, 61.2. IR (thin film): 3418, 2930, 2871, 1748, 1611, 1512, 1394, 1234. HRMS (EI): Calcd' for (C₂₃H₂₀FNO₄ ⁺), 393.1376, found, 393.1389. Anal. Calcd. for C₂₃H₂₀FNO₄: C, 70.22; H, 5.12; N, 3.56; found: C, 70.26; H, 5.21; N, 3.61.

To a solution of oxalylchloride (508 mg, 4.00 mmol, 2.00 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (15.0 ml) is added at −78° C. dimethylsulfoxide (0.355 ml, 5.00 mmol, 2.50 equiv). After 10 min at −78° C. is added the alcohol received above (787 mg, 2.00 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in CH₂Cl₂ (15.0 ml) over a period of 5 min. After additional 5 min at this temperature triethylamine (1.14 ml, 8.00 mmol, 8.00 equiv) is added. After 5 min 1-(4-Fluoro-phenyl)-2-(triphenyl-λ⁵-phosphanylidene)-ethanone is added and the resulting suspension is warmed to 20° C. and stirred for additional 30 min. To the solution is added saturated aqueous Na₂HCO₃ solution. The aqueous phase is extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The combined organic phases are washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by chromatography on silica gel eluting with hexane/ethyl acetate (2/1 to 1/1 gradient) to afford the corresponding enone as a colorless solid in 89% yield.

mp: 152° C. R_(f) 0.56 (hexane/ethyl acetate 3/2). α_(D)=+1000, (CHCl₃, c=0.60, 25.6° C.). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 8.06-7.99 (m, 2H), 7.42-7.06 (m, 14H), 7.00-6.92 (m, 4H), 5.05-5.00 (m, 4H). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, CDCl₃): δ 187.1, 165.9 (d, J=254 Hz), 159.8 (d, J=243 Hz), 159.4, 154.8, 140.0, 136.2, 133.2, 132.3, 131.4 (d, J=9 Hz), 128.6, 128.1, 128.1, 127.9, 127.4, 125.8, 123.5 (d, J=9 Hz), 115.9 (d, J=24 Hz), 115.8 (d, J=24 Hz), 115.8, 80.5, 70.2, 66.0. IR (thin film): 1760, 1675, 1597, 1511, 1385, 1227. HRMS (MALDI): Calcd' for (C₃₃H₂₃F₂NO₄Na⁺), 534.1493, found, 534.1482. Anal. Calcd. for C₃₁H₂₃F₂NO₄: C, 72.79; H, 4.53; N, 2.74; found: C, 72.51; H, 4.78; N, 2.73.

To this enone (910 mg, 1.78 mmol, 1.00 equiv) in ethanol (15.0 ml) is added at 23° C. palladium on carbon (10%) (100 mg). The suspension is vigorously stirred under 1 atm of hydrogen gas for 3 h. The suspension is filtered through a pad of celite eluting with EtOAc concentrated and the residue is purified by chromatography on silica gel eluting with hexane/ethyl acetate (2/1 to 1/1 gradient). A portion of the resulting benzyl ether (310 mg, 0.604 mmol, 1.00 equiv) is dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ and cooled to −20° C. (R)-3,3-diphenyl-1-methyltetrahydro-0.3H-pyrrolo-oxazaborole2-methyl-oxazaborolidin (solution in toluene (0.5 M) 0.600 ml, 0.302 mmol, 0.50 equiv) is added followed by borane dimethylsulfide complex (0.080 ml, 0.905 mmol, 1.50 equiv). The solution is stirred at −20° C. for 2 h, then warmed to 0° C. and quenched with methanol. To the solution is added saturated aqueous Na₂HCO₃ solution and CH₂Cl₂. The aqueous phase is extracted with CH₂Cl₂. The combined organic phases are washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄) and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by chromatography on silica gel eluting with hexane/ethyl acetate (3/2 to 1/1 gradient). A portion of the resulting alcohol (53 mg, 0.10 mmol, 1.0 equiv) is dissolved in ethanol and palladium on carbon (10 mg) is added. The suspension is vigorously stirred under an atmosphere of hydrogen for 2.5 h. The suspension is filtered through a plug of celite eluting with EtOAc. The residue is purified by chromatography on silica gel eluting with hexane/ethyl acetate (1/1 to 1/2 gradient) to afford the desired oxazolidinone XXI as a colorless solid in 57% yield from the starting enone.

mp: 98° C. R_(f)=0.41 (hexane/ethyl acetate 2/3). α_(D)=−1°, (CHCl₃, c=0.84, 27.6° C.). ¹H-NMR (300 MHz, acetone d₆): δ 7.47-7.35 (m, 4H), 7.29-7.24 (m, 2H), 7.09-6.97 (m, 4H), 6.85-6.79 (m, 2H), 5.15 (d, J=6.7 Hz, 1H), 4.76-4.68 (m, 1H), 4.43-4.34 (m, 2H), 2.02-1.76 (m, 4H). ¹³C-NMR (75 MHz, acetone d₆): δ 162.0 (d, J=243 Hz), 159.5 (d, J=242 Hz), 157.9, 155.3, 142.2 (d, J=3 Hz), 134.3 (d, J=2 Hz), 129.1, 128.7, 127.8 (d, J=8 Hz), 123.8 (d, J=9 Hz), 116.1, 115.2 (d, J=23 Hz), 114.9 (d, J=21 Hz), 82.4, 72.3, 65.6, 35.0, 30.3. IR (thin film): 3316, 2925, 1726, 1603, 1511, 1224, 835. HRMS (MALDI): Calcd' for (C₂₄H₂₁F₂NO₄Na⁺), 448.1337, found, 448.1326.

Example 18

The compounds of the invention and ezetimibe (commercially obtained or prepared according to Wu, G. Z. et al., J. Org. Chem. 1999) together with the glucuronide (the metabolite of ezetimibe, prepared according to Vaccaro, W. D.; Davis, H. R. Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 1998, 8, 313-318) as appropriate reference compounds were evaluated by well-established methods to determine their inhibition of cholesterol uptake in rabbit brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) (Table 1). Briefly, the scavenger receptor-mediated uptake of radiolabelled cholesterol ester from the loaded donor particles into the BBMV bilayer was measured in the presence of various compounds of the invention and appropriate reference compounds (Hauser, H. et al., Biochemistry 1998, 37, 17843-17850; Werder, M. et al., Biochemistry 2001, 40, 11643-11650; Boffelli, D. et al., FEBS Lett. 1997, 411, 7-11.) TABLE 1 applied in donor SUV (9 mol %) Compound Inhibition in (%) Ezetimibe 16 ± 4 Glucuronide 19 ± 4 VI 30 ± 4 VII 22 ± 2 VIII 15 ± 3 IXb 20 ± 5 IX 27 ± 4 X 15 ± 3 XI 20 ± 5 XIV 26 ± 3 XV 19 ± 3 XVI 21 ± 5 XVII 28 ± 4 XVIII 41 ± 4 XXI 19 ± 2 

1. A compound according to formula I

wherein P represents —N< or —C═, X represents independently of each other —CH₂—, CR₁ (Sp₂-hybridised), O, —NH—, ═N—, —CO— or —CS—, wherein R₁ represents H or NR₂, wherein R₂ represents H or lower alkyl, which optionally is linked to Z such that a bicyclic structure is formed; n represents 1 or 2, R_(a) represents H, lower alkyl, —OR₃, —O(CO)R₃, —O(CO)OR₃, —O(CO)NR₃R₄, —N₃R₄, —NR₃ (CO)R₄, —COOR₃, —CONR₃R₄, —CH═CHCOOR₃, —CF₃, —CN, —NO₂, SO₃H, PO₃H or halogen, wherein R₃ and R₄ represent H or lower alkyl, R_(b) represents H, OH, —OSO₂Me, —OSO₂W wherein W represents optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl, —OCO(CHOH)₂COOR₅ wherein R₅ represents H or lower alkyl; or represents the formula -Sp₃-R₆, wherein Sp₃ represents a covalent bond, —O—, —OCH₂—, —OSO₂CH₂—, —OSO₂—, —OSO₂-(p)C₆H₄O— and R₆ represents one of carbohydrate structures A-D:

wherein R₇, R₈, R₉, R₁₁, R₁₂, R₁₃ and R₁₄ represent independently of each other H, lower alkyl, aryl(lower alkyl), —CO-lower alkyl, —CO-aryl, —SO₃ ⁻ or —PO₃ ⁻, R₁₀ represents —CH₂OR₁₆ or —COOR₁₇, and R₁₅ represents —CH₂OR₁₆, —COOR₁₇, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂OPO₃ ⁻ or —CH₂OSO₃ ⁻, wherein R₁₆ and R₁₇ independently of each other represent H, lower alkyl, aryl(lower alkyl), —CO-lower alkyl, —CO-aryl, —SO₃ ⁻ or —PO₃ ⁻, Z represents optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl, Sp₁ represents a spacer unit, such as a straight-chain or branched lower alkyl group —(CH₂)_(p)—, wherein p is from 2-6, which is unsubstituted, mono or poly-substituted by —OH, —OR₁₈, halogen or cyano group, wherein one or more —CH₂— groups may independently be replaced by —O—, —CO—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —NR₁₉—, —NR₁₉—CO—, —CO—NR₁₉—, —CH═CH—, —C≡C— and wherein R₁₈ and R₁₉ represent a hydrogen atom or lower alkyl; Sp₂ represents an optional spacer unit, such as a covalent bond or a straight-chain or branched lower alkyl group —(CH₂)_(q)—, wherein q is from 1-6, which is unsubstituted, mono or poly-substituted by —OH, —OR₂₀, halogen or cyano group, wherein one or more —CH₂— groups may independently be replaced by —O—, —CO—, —CO—O—, —O—CO—, —NR₂₁—, —NR₂₁—CO—, —CO—NR₂₁—, —CH═CH—, —C≡C— and wherein R₂₀, and R₂₁, represents a hydrogen atom or lower alkyl; Y represents optionally substituted aryl or heteroaryl, with the proviso, that if P=—N<, n=1, X=—CO— and Sp₂ represents a covalent bond, R₆ may not represent carbohydrate structures A or D for Sp₃=—O— and R₆ may not represent carbohydrate B for Sp₃=—OCH₂—.
 2. A compound according to claim 1, with the proviso, that if P=—N<, n=1, X=—CO— and Sp₂ represents a covalent bond, R_(b) may not represent H or OH and Sp₃ may not represent a covalent bond, —O— or —OCH₂—.
 3. A compound according to claim 1, wherein P=—N<, n=1 and X=—CO—, —CS—, —CH₂— or —NH—.
 4. A compound according to claim 1, wherein P=—N<, n=1 and X=—CS—, —CH₂— or —NH—.
 5. A compound according to claim 1, wherein P=—N< and —(X)_(n)—=—OOC—, —COO—, —CONH—, —CH═N—.
 6. A compound according to claim 1, wherein P=—C═ and —(X)_(n)—=—NH—N═ or —O—N═.
 7. A compound according to claim 1, having the formula IVa

wherein R_(a), R_(b), Sp₁, Sp₂, P, X, Y, Z and n are as defined in claim
 1. 8. A compound according to claim 1 having the formula IVb,

wherein R_(a), R_(b), Sp₁, P, X and n are as defined hereinabove and wherein R₂₁ and R₂₂ represent H, lower alkyl, lower alkoxy or halogen.
 9. A compound according to claim 7, wherein P=—N<, n=1 and X=—CO—, —CS—, —CH₂— or —NH—.
 10. A compound according to claim 7, wherein P=—N<, n=1 and X=—CS—, —CH₂— or —NH—.
 11. A compound according to claim 7, wherein P=—N< and —(X)_(n)—=—OOC—, —COO—, —CONH—, —CH═N—.
 12. A compound according to claim 7, wherein P=—C═ and —(X)_(n)—=—NH—N═ or —O—N═.
 13. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of claim 1 with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 14. A pharmaceutical composition according to claim 13 for the treatment or prevention of arteriosclerosis or for the reduction of cholesterol levels.
 15. A kit comprising a pharmaceutical composition according to claim 13 for use in the treatment or prevention of arteriosclerosis or for the reduction of cholesterol levels.
 16. A method for the treatment or prevention of arteriosclerosis or for the reduction of cholesterol levels comprising administering to a subject in need of such treatment an effective amount of a compound according to claim
 1. 17. (canceled) 